Heavy Quarkonium Potential Model and the 1P1{}^1P_1 State of Charmonium

A theoretical explanation of the observed splittings among the P~states of charmonium is given with the use of a nonsingular potential model for heavy quarkonia. We also show that the recently observed mass difference between the center of gravity of the ${}^3P_J$ states and the ${}^1P_1$ state of $c\bar{c}$ does not provide a direct test of the color hyperfine interaction in heavy quarkonia. Our theoretical value for the mass of the ${}^1P_1$ state is in agreement with the experimental result, and its E1 transition width is 341.8~keV. The mass of the $\eta_c'$ state is predicted to be 3622.3~MeV.Comment: 15 page REVTEX documen

Bc spectroscopy in a quantum-chromodynamic potential model

We have investigated $B_c$ spectroscopy with the use of a quantum-chromodynamic potential model which was recently used by us for the light-heavy quarkonia. We give our predictions for the energy levels and the $E$1 transition widths. We also find, rather surprisingly, that although $B_c$ is not a light-heavy system, the heavy quark effective theory with the inclusion of the $m_b^{-1}$ and $m_b^{-1}\ln m_b$ corrections is as successful for $B_c$ as it is for $B$ and $B_s$.Comment: 10 page ReVTeX pape

Quantum-Chromodynamic Potential Model for Light-Heavy Quarkonia and the Heavy Quark Effective Theory

We have investigated the spectra of light-heavy quarkonia with the use of a quantum-chromodynamic potential model which is similar to that used earlier for the heavy quarkonia. An essential feature of our treatment is the inclusion of the one-loop radiative corrections to the quark-antiquark potential, which contribute significantly to the spin-splittings among the quarkonium energy levels. Unlike $c\bar{c}$ and $b\bar{b}$, the potential for a light-heavy system has a complicated dependence on the light and heavy quark masses $m$ and $M$, and it contains a spin-orbit mixing term. We have obtained excellent results for the observed energy levels of $D^0$, $D_s$, $B^0$, and $B_s$, and we are able to provide predicted results for many unobserved energy levels. Our potential parameters for different quarkonia satisfy the constraints of quantum chromodynamics. We have also used our investigation to test the accuracy of the heavy quark effective theory. We find that the heavy quark expansion yields generally good results for the $B^0$ and $B_s$ energy levels provided that $M^{-1}$ and $M^{-1}\ln M$ corrections are taken into account in the quark-antiquark interactions. It does not, however, provide equally good results for the energy levels of $D^0$ and $D_s$, which indicates that the effective theory can be applied more accurately to the $b$ quark than the $c$ quark.Comment: 17 pages of LaTeX. To appear in Physical Review D. Complete PostScript file is available via WWW at http://gluon.physics.wayne.edu/wsuhep/jim/heavy.p

Comparison of the Effects of Coconut Oil and Soyabean Oil on TSH Level and Weight Gain in Rabbits

The present study was conducted on 12 albino rabbits of either sex and weighing between 1-1.5kg to see the influence of coconut oil and soyabean oil on serum TSH levels and weight gain for a period of 12 weeks.  The rabbits were divided into 2 groups of six each.  Rabbits in group 1 were fed on coconut oil and in group 2 were fed on soyabean oil in addition to their standard diet.  At the end of 12 weeks we found that rabbits fed on soyabean oil had significant increase in TSH levels (p= 0.003) and gained more weight (p=0.000) when compared to rabbits fed on coconut oil

Indian GDP, 1600-1871 : some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain.

This paper provides estimates of Indian GDP constructed from the output side for the period 1600-1871, and combines them with population estimates to track changes in living standards. Indian per capita GDP declined steadily. As British living standards increased from the mid-seventeenth century, India fell increasingly behind. Whereas in 1650, Indian per capita GDP was more than 80 per cent of the British level, by 1871 it had fallen to less than 15 per cent. As well as placing the origins of the Great Divergence firmly in the early modern period, these estimates suggest a relatively prosperous India at the height of the Mughal Empire, with living standards well above bare bones subsistence

Retrieval of surface temperature by remote sensing

A simple procedure and computer program were developed for retrieving the surface temperature from the measurement of upwelling infrared radiance in a single spectral region in the atmosphere. The program evaluates the total upwelling radiance at any altitude in the region of the CO fundamental band (2070-2220 1/cm) for several values of surface temperature. Actual surface temperature is inferred by interpolation of the measured upwelling radiance between the computed values of radiance for the same altitude. Sensitivity calculations were made to determine the effect of uncertainty in various surface, atmospheric and experimental parameters on the inferred value of surface temperature. It is found that the uncertainties in water vapor concentration and surface emittance are the most important factors affecting the accuracy of the inferred value of surface temperature

Evaluation of transmittance of selected infrared bands

Computer programs were developed for evaluating homogeneous path transmittance with line-by-line and quasi-random band model formulations. Spectral transmittances for some selected bands of different gases (CO, N2O, CO2, H2O) were obtained using these programs. Results of theoretical computations are compared with available experimental measurements. Significant errors are observed in the results obtained from a quasi-random band model formulation, indicating that it is inadequate to meet the accuracy requirements for atmospheric work

Ground temperature measurement by PRT-5 for maps experiment

A simple algorithm and computer program were developed for determining the actual surface temperature from the effective brightness temperature as measured remotely by a radiation thermometer called PRT-5. This procedure allows the computation of atmospheric correction to the effective brightness temperature without performing detailed radiative transfer calculations. Model radiative transfer calculations were performed to compute atmospheric corrections for several values of the surface and atmospheric parameters individually and in combination. Polynomial regressions were performed between the magnitudes or deviations of these parameters and the corresponding computed corrections to establish simple analytical relations between them. Analytical relations were also developed to represent combined correction for simultaneous variation of parameters in terms of their individual corrections

Evaluation of upwelling infrared radiance from earth's atmosphere

Basic equations for calculating the upwelling atmospheric radiation are presented which account for various sources of radiation coming out at the top of the atmosphere. The theoretical formulation of the transmittance models (line-by-line and quasi-random band model) and the computational procedures used for the evaluation of the transmittance and radiance are discussed in detail. By employing the Lorentz line-by-line and quasi-random computer programs, model calculations were made to determine the upwelling radiance and signal change in the wave number interval of CO fundamental band. These results are useful in determining the effects of different interfering molecules, water vapor profiles, ground temperatures, and ground emittances on the upwelling radiance and signal change. This information is of vital importance in establishing the feasibility of measuring the concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere from a gas filter correlation instrument flown on an aircraft or mounted on a satellite