The two Josephson junction flux qubit with large tunneling amplitude

In this paper we discuss solid-state nanoelectronic realizations of Josephson flux qubits with large tunneling amplitude between the two macroscopic states. The latter can be controlled via the height and wells form of the potential barrier, which is determined by quantum-state engineering of the flux qubit circuit. The simplest circuit of the flux qubit is a superconducting loop interrupted by a Josephson nanoscale tunnel junction. The tunneling amplitude between two macroscopically different states can be essentially increased, by engineering of the qubit circuit, if tunnel junction is replaced by a ScS contact. However, only Josephson tunnel junctions are particularly suitable for large-scale integration circuits and quantum detectors with preset-day technology. To overcome this difficulty we consider here the flux qubit with high-level energy separation between "ground" and "excited" states, which consists of a superconducting loop with two low-capacitance Josephson tunnel junctions in series. We demonstrate that for real parameters of resonant superposition between the two macroscopic states the tunneling amplitude can reach values greater than 1K. Analytical results for the tunneling amplitude obtained within semiclassical approximation by instanton technique show good correlation with a numerical solution.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Fundamental Measurements in Economics and in the Theory of Consciousness

A new constructivist approach to modeling in economics and theory of consciousness is proposed. The state of elementary object is defined as a set of its measurable consumer properties. A proprietor's refusal or consent for the offered transaction is considered as a result of elementary economic measurement. Elementary (indivisible) technology, in which the object's consumer values are variable, in this case can be formalized as a generalized economic measurement. The algebra of such measurements has been constructed. It has been shown that in the general case the quantummechanical formalism of the theory of selective measurements is required for description of such conditions. The economic analogs of the elementary slit experiments in physics have been created. The proposed approach can be also used for consciousness modeling

Fundamental Measurements in Economics and in the Theory of Consciousness (Manifestation of quantum-mechanical properties of economic objects in slit measurements)

A new constructivist approach to modeling in economics and theory of consciousness is proposed. The state of elementary object is defined as a set of its measurable consumer properties. A proprietor's refusal or consent for the offered transaction is considered as a result of elementary economic measurement. We were also able to obtain the classical interpretation of the quantum-mechanical law of addition of probabilities by introducing a number of new notions. The principle of “local equity” assumes the transaction completed (regardless of the result) of the states of transaction partners are not changed in connection with the reception of new information on proposed offers or adopted decisions (consent or refusal of the transaction). However it has no relation to the paradoxes of quantum theory connected with non-local interaction of entangled states. In the economic systems the mechanism of entangling has a classical interpretation, while the quantum-mechanical formalism of the description of states appears as a result of idealization of the selection mechanism in the proprietor's consciousness

Retrospective Analysis of Quality Indicators of Transduodenal Endobiliar Interventions without Anaesthesia

The objective of the research was to assess the advantages and disadvantages of transduodenal endobiliar surgeries without general anesthesia. The analysis of 1,678 hospital records of patients who underwent transduodenal endobiliar surgery was made including the average  duration of surgery, its effectiveness and the incidence of adverse cardiorespiratory events. The number of terminated procedures and subjective evaluation of the procedure by the patient and endoscopist were taken into account. Results. There has been a growth of minimally invasive operations since 2008. The analysis indicated that endoscopists refused to perform high-risk surgery in patients with high comorbidity. Choledocholitoextraction without general anesthesia was possible only in 50-75% of cases. One of the disadvantages of the procedure was psychological efforts made by physicians. The incidence of cardiorespiratory events was 1-2%, and surgery was terminated in 12 to 32% of cases. Postoperative  mortality was 0.18%, the total mortality rate was 1.8%. Conclusions. Endobiliar interventions without general anesthesia showed significant limitations and disadvantages. Intraoperative complications of cardiorespiratory system when performing endoscopic surgery without general anaesthesia were obsereved only in 2% of patients, however, this small number was achieved by careful selection of low-risk patients excluding those at risk of age-related complications and those having risky comorbidities. The absence of anaesthesia significantly reduces patient safety

Catalog of Isolated Galaxies Selected from the 2MASS Survey

We search for isolated galaxies based on the automatic identification of isolated sources from the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) followed by a visual inspection of their surroundings. We use the modified Karachentseva criterion to compile a catalog of 3227 isolated galaxies (2MIG), which contains 6% of 2MASS Extended Sources Catalog (or 2MASX) sources brighter than Ks = 12 mag with angular diameters a_K > 30 arcsec. The catalog covers the entire sky and has an effective depth of z = 0.02. The 2493 very isolated objects of the catalog, which we include into the 2MVIG catalog, can be used as a reference sample to investigate the effects of the environment on the structure and evolution of galaxies located in regions with extremely low density of matter.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figure