СОВРЕМЕННАЯ СТРУКТУРА КОМПЛЕКСА ЧУЖЕРОДНЫХ ВИДОВ СОСУЩИХ ЧЛЕНИСТОНОГИХ-ФИТОФАГОВ ФАУНЫ БЕЛАРУСИ

At present, the complex of alien species of sucking phythophagous arthropods in the fauna of Belarus includes 61 species of insects and mates from 35 genera, 12 families and 4 orders. The majority of them have the European (19 species) origin, and а smaller number is due to the Mediterranean (12), North American (11) origin. Seven invasive species are cryptogenic.К настоящему времени комплекс чужеродных видов сосущих членистоногих-фитофагов фауны Беларуси включает 61 вид насекомых и клещей из 35 родов, 12 семейств и 4 отрядов. Установлены основные регионы-доноры инвазивных видов сосущих членистоногих-фитофагов, которыми являются страны Южной, Западной и Северной Европы (19), меньшее число происходит из Средиземноморья (12), Северной Америки (11) и Центральной Азии (7); дальневосточное происхождение имеет лишь 2 вида инвайдеров. К числу криптогенных отнесено 7 видов сосущих насекомых и клещей, чужеродных для фауны Беларуси

СЕПТОРИОЗЫ ЗЕРНОВЫХ КУЛЬТУР И ИХ ВРЕДОНОСНОСТЬ

Nowadays septoria has become widespread in many countries of the world, including in the Republic of Belarus, in winter and spring wheat crops and winter triticale. Septoria of cereal crops is caused by several types of pathogens: on leaves in the crops of studied cultures this disease is caused mainly by fungus Septoria tritici Desm., and since paniculation phase – Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) E. Castell. & Germano. Development of leaves septoria depends on hydrothermal conditions of growing season and varietal characteristics. Analysis of cereal crops damage by septoria over the last 20 years indicates significant changes in phytopathological state of crops. For instance, in winter and spring wheat crops, the development of a complex of diseases of the leaf apparatus, with the dominance of septoria, reached its maximum in the vegetation seasons of 2006–2010 compared with those of other five-year periods, when the average index of disease development reached 34.3 % with deviations from 22.4 to 55.9 % and 40.9 % with fluctuations from 31.0 to 75.1 %, respectively. In recent years (2011–2015), the development of the disease in the crops of these crops has decreased to 15.7 % (4.3–40.5 %) and 32.2 % (0.2–73.0 %). There was a higher damage degree of leaves with a complex of diseases in winter triticale crop (38.8 %) was recorded in conditions of 2001–2005 at fluctuation of this indicator within the range of 14.9–72.5 %, whereas in 1996–2000 (the lowest development) on average 11.3 % with deviations from 1.6 to 20.0 %. There is a tendency to damage degree reduction in winter wheat septoria development from 36.7 % (2001–2005) to 19.7 % (2011–2015), in winter triticale on the contrary, growth in these periods from 26.3 to 36.3 %. Head of spring wheat was more intensively damaged by septoria during all the years of observations – 34.8 % in 2001–2005, 62.3 % in 2006–2010, and 44.7 % in 2011–2015.В настоящее время во многих странах мира, в том числе и в Республике Беларусь, в посевах озимой и яровой пшеницы, озимого тритикале получил широкое распространение септориоз. Септориоз зерновых культур вызывается несколькими видами возбудителей: на листьях в посевах изучаемых культур болезнь вызывает в основном гриб Septoria tritici Desm., а начиная с фазы колошения – Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) E. Castell. & Germano. Развитие септориоза листьев зависит от гидротермических условий вегетационного сезона и сортовых особенностей. Анализ поражаемости зерновых культур септориозом за последние 20 лет свидетельствует о существенных изменениях в формировании фитопатологического состояния посевов. Например, в посевах озимой и яровой пшеницы развитие комплекса болезней листового аппарата, при доминировании септориоза, достигало максимума в вегетационные сезоны 2006–2010 гг. по сравнению с таковыми других пятилеток, когда средний индекс развития болезней достигал 34,3 % с отклонениями от 22,4 до 55,9 % и 40,9 % с колебаниями от 31,0 до 75,1 % соответственно. В последние годы (2011–2015 гг.) развитие болезни в посевах этих культур понизилось до 15,7 % (4,3–40,5 %) и 32,2 % (0,2–73,0 %). В посевах озимого тритикале более высокая степень поражения листьев комплексом болезней (38,8 %) отмечалась в условиях 2001–2005 гг. при колебании этого показателя в пределах 14,9–72,5 %, тогда как в 1996–2000 гг. (самое низкое развитие) в среднем 11,3 % с отклонениями от 1,6 до 20,0 %. В развитии септориоза колоса озимой пшеницы наблюдается тенденция снижения степени поражения с 36,7 % (2001–2005 гг.) до 19,7 % (2011–2015 гг.), озимого тритикале, наоборот, роста в эти периоды от 26,3 до 36,3 %. Колос яровой пшеницы интенсивнее поражался во все годы наблюдений септориозом: в 2001–2005 гг. – 34,8 %, 2006– 2010 гг. – 62,3 %, 2011–2015 гг. – 44,7 %.

Repeated PTZ Treatment at 25-Day Intervals Leads to a Highly Efficient Accumulation of Doublecortin in the Dorsal Hippocampus of Rats

BACKGROUND: Neurogenesis persists throughout life in the adult mammalian brain. Because neurogenesis can only be assessed in postmortem tissue, its functional significance remains undetermined, and identifying an in vivo correlate of neurogenesis has become an important goal. By studying pentylenetetrazole-induced brain stimulation in a rat model of kindling we accidentally discovered that 25±1 days periodic stimulation of Sprague-Dawley rats led to a highly efficient increase in seizure susceptibility. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: By EEG, RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we show that repeated convulsive seizures with a periodicity of 25±1 days led to an enrichment of newly generated neurons, that were BrdU-positive in the dentate gyrus at day 25±1 post-seizure. At the same time, there was a massive increase in the number of neurons expressing the migratory marker, doublecortin, at the boundary between the granule cell layer and the polymorphic layer in the dorsal hippocampus. Some of these migrating neurons were also positive for NeuN, a marker for adult neurons. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that the increased susceptibility to seizure at day 25±1 post-treatment is coincident with a critical time required for newborn neurons to differentiate and integrate into the existing hippocampal network, and outlines the importance of the dorsal hippocampus for seizure-related neurogenesis. This model can be used as an in vivo correlate of neurogenesis to study basic questions related to neurogenesis and to the neurogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of epilepsy

Biochemical aspects of nitric oxide synthase feedback regulation by nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gas molecule derived from at least three isoforms of the enzyme termed nitric oxide synthase (NOS). More than 15 years ago, the question of feedback regulation of NOS activity and expression by its own product was raised. Since then, a number of trials have verified the existence of negative feedback loop both in vitro and in vivo. NO, whether released from exogenous donors or applied in authentic NO solution, is able to inhibit NOS activity and also intervenes in NOS expression processes by its effect on transcriptional nuclear factor NF-κB. The existence of negative feedback regulation of NOS may provide a powerful tool for experimental and clinical use, especially in inflammation, when massive NOS expression may be detrimental

Heterogeneity of Microglial Activation in the Innate Immune Response in the Brain

The immune response in the brain has been widely investigated and while many studies have focused on the proinflammatory cytotoxic response, the brain’s innate immune system demonstrates significant heterogeneity. Microglia, like other tissue macrophages, participate in repair and resolution processes after infection or injury to restore normal tissue homeostasis. This review examines the mechanisms that lead to reduction of self-toxicity and to repair and restructuring of the damaged extracellular matrix in the brain. Part of the resolution process involves switching macrophage functional activation to include reduction of proinflammatory mediators, increased production and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and production of cytoactive factors involved in repair and reconstruction of the damaged brain. Two partially overlapping and complimentary functional macrophage states have been identified and are called alternative activation and acquired deactivation. The immunosuppressive and repair processes of each of these states and how alternative activation and acquired deactivation participate in chronic neuroinflammation in the brain are discussed

ATP released from perivascular nerves hyperpolarizes smooth muscle cells by releasing an endothelium-derived factor in hamster mesenteric arteries

The interaction between perivascular nerves and endothelium was investigated by measuring the changes in smooth muscle membrane potentials using intracellular microelectrode techniques in hamster mesenteric thin (100–150 μm) and thick (300–350 μm) arteries.In both arteries, nerve stimulation evoked excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) which were strongly inhibited by pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid (PPADS) (0·5–5 μM). This result indicated that the EJPs were induced by the activation of P2X receptors.Transient hyperpolarizations were evoked by trains of pulses at 20 Hz in PPADS (5 μM)-pre-treated thin arteries, but not in the thick arteries. ATP (100 μM) applied to adventitial surfaces mimicked the hyperpolarizations. Both the ATP- and nerve stimulation-induced hyperpolarizations were blocked by cibacron blue F3GA (2–100 μM) and were also abolished after endothelium removal, indicating that the neurally released ATP evoked transient hyperpolarization through the activation of P2Y receptors located on the endothelium.In endothelium-intact preparations, intimal application of uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP 100 μM), a P2Y2-like receptor agonist, but not 2-methylthio ATP (7 μM), hyperpolarized the smooth muscle. The UTP-induced hyperpolarization was significantly inhibited by cibacron blue F3GA and was abolished after endothelium removal.These results suggest that ATP released from the perivascular nerves may reach the endothelium and activate P2Y2-like receptors to induce the release of an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in thin arteries