Faiz ile Enflasyon Arasındaki İlişkinin Test Edilmesi: Türkiye Örneği 1980-2018

Paranın kirası olarak tanımlanan faiz, önemli tartışmaları beraberinde getirmektedir. Keynesyen yaklaşıma göre faiz oranı para arzı ve para talebi tarafından belirlenir. Para arzı sabitken para talebinin artması faiz oranını yükseltmektedir. Aynı zamanda para talebi sabitken para arzının azalması da faiz oranlarının yükselmesine neden olmaktadır. Artan faiz oranları ise makroekonomik değişkenler üzerinde doğrudan ve dolaylı etkilere sahiptir. Makroekonomik göstergelerde meydana gelen değişimler toplumsal dengeleri de belirlemektedir. Dolayısıyla faiz oranlarında meydana gelen artışlar veya azalışlar, iktisadi olduğu kadar sosyal göstergeler üzerinde de önemli sonuçlar ortaya koymaktadır. Nitekim faizlerin yükselmesi uzun vadede üretimin azalmasına ve işsizliğin artmasına yol açar. İşsizlik ise gelir dağılımının bozulmasına neden olur. Diğer taraftan yüksek faizler bütçe dengesini bozmaktadır. Bütçe açıklarının monetizasyonu enflasyonun temel nedenidir. Yüksek enflasyon ve faiz oranları tüm ekonomiler açısından sorun teşkil etmektedir. Yüksek enflasyon risk ve belirsizlikleri artırarak kaynak dağılımını bozmakta, büyüme performansına zarar vermektedir. Bu nedenle merkez bankaları için temel amaç; fiyat istikrarını sağlamaktır. Diğer taraftan yüksek faiz oranları da benzer şekilde kaynak dağılımına zarar vermekte yatırımları olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada faiz oranları ile enflasyon arasındaki ilişki Türkiye ekonomisi için 1980-2018 dönemine ait verilerden hareketle zaman serileri analizi kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre faiz ve enflasyon değişkenleri uzun dönemde birlikte hareket etmektedir. Etki-tepki fonksiyonları ise enflasyondaki artışın faiz oranlarını artırdığını, faizlerdeki artışın ise enflasyonu düşürdüğünü göstermiştir. Dolayısıyla ekonomik istikrar için maliye ve para politikaları koordineli bir şekilde uygulanmalıdır

AN OVERVIEW OF ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION

In line with the developments in the pharmaceutical field, the product range is constantly being renewed and diversified. New analytical techniques need to be developed and validated for new pharmaceutical products. The validation of an improved method is an internationally recognized scientific requirement, as these validation practices are also indicative of the competence of the analytical laboratory. The method development is a process that ensures the applicability and reliability of the data. The result is a more comprehensive understanding of the standard test methods and a further insight into the connection between test methodology and product quality. It is important to validate an advanced method. Because if the method can not be reproduced, the method is meaningless. Validation is  a continuous balance among costs, risks and technical possibilities.                         Peer Review History: Received 5 February 2020;   Revised 22 February; Accepted 1 March, Available online 15 March 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Kian Navaee, Shahre Daru Pharmaceutical Co., Iran, [email protected] Dr. Mohammad Shaheen Khan, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia, [email protected] Similar Articles: ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF OMEPRAZOLE AND ASPIRIN USING REVERSE PHASE HPLC METHOD IN BULK AND DOSAGE FORM VALIDATION OF HPLC AND UV VISIBLE METHODS FOR FEW SELECTED BLOOD PRESSURE LOWERING DRUGS AND THEIR FORMULATION

EVALUATION OF MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IN COSMETICS

In recent years, developments in the field of cosmetic ingredients especially use of natural sources and carriers systems and the manufacturing methods resulted as an improvement in the effect and stability of cosmetics, and thus the performance and component-based multi-functionalities of cosmetic products. Those have partially contributed to the condition-dependent functionality, developments in the field of marketing, monitoring of expectations and their reflection on marketing and the creation of new ideas in the field of claim-driven multi-functionality. Multi-functionality in cosmetic products can be evaluated in four groups. These are performance-based multi-functionality, component-based multi-functionality, conditional multi-functionality and claim-driven multi-functionality. In the first two groups, performance related to formulation and manufacturing comes to the fore, while in the last two, safety becomes important and those are briefly given in this review.                    Peer Review History: Received: 12 May 2021; Revised: 11 June; Accepted: 25 June, Available online: 15 July 2021 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Govind Vyas, Compliance & Regulatory Officer Inva-Tech Pharmaceuticals LLC, New-Jersey, USA, [email protected] Dr. Mohammad Bayan,  Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box: 1 Philadelphia University 19392 Jordan, [email protected] Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]