Chondrocrania of the foam-nesting genera, <i>Polypedates</i> and <i>Taruga</i>.

<p>(A) A labeled chondrocranium of <i>Polypedates maculatus</i>. Comparative illustrations of the chondrocrania of the four species: <i>Taruga eques</i> (B), <i>Taruga longinasus</i> (C), <i>Polypedates cruciger</i> (D) and <i>Polypedates maculatus</i> (E). Abbreviations: AP, ascending process; ARP, articular process; ASO, arcus subocularis; IC, infrarostral cartilage; LON, lamina orbitonasalis; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; MP, muscular process; OC, otic capsule; OP, otic process; QC, anterior quadratocranial commissure; QEP, quadratoethmoidal process; SA, suprarostral ala; SC, suprarostral cartilage; SMC, suprarostral medial corpus; TH, trabecular horns; TTD, taenia tecti medialis; TTM, taenia tecti marginalis; TS, tectum synoticum. Scale bar: 5 mm.</p

Osteology of <i>Polypedates cruciger</i>, adult male.

<p>(A) Cranium, dorsal view. (B) Cranium, ventral view. (C) Lower jaw. (D) Hyoid skeleton. (E) Pectoral girdle. (F) Left hind limb. (G) Left forelimb. (H) Axial skeleton. Abbreviations: AG, angulosplenial; AT, atlas; ALP, anterolateral process; CN, centrum; COP, coronoid process; CP, carpals; CR, coracoid; CT, cleithrum; CV, clavicle; DP, distal phalange digit; DT, dentary; EX, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; HU, humerus; HP, hyoid plate; HY, hyale; IL, illium; MC, metacarpal; MNT, mentomeckelian; MT, metatarsal; MX, maxilla; NS, nasal; OC, oblique cartilage; OS, omosternum; PA, parasphenoid; PAR, pars articularis; PH, prehallux; PL, palatine; PLP, posterolateral process; PM, premaxilla; PMP, posteromedial process; PR, prootic; PT, pterygoid; QJ, quadratojugal; RL, radiale; RU, radioulna; SC, scapula; SD, sacral diapophysis; SP, sphenethmoid; SQ, squamosal; SS, suprascapula; ST, sternum; TA, tympanum annulus; TP, transverse process; TR, tarsal; UL, ulnare; US, urostyle; VM, vomer. Scale bar: 5 mm.</p

Comparative Postembryonic Skeletal Ontogeny in Two Sister Lineages of Old World Tree Frogs (Rhacophoridae: <i>Taruga</i>, <i>Polypedates</i>) - Fig 4

<p>Modification and repatterning of the chondrocrania at stages 31, 38 and 43 of <i>Taruga longinasus</i> (A), <i>T</i>. <i>eques</i> (B), <i>Polypedates maculatus</i> (C), and <i>P</i>. <i>cruciger</i> (D).</p

Light microscopic images of cultured strains of <i>A. maculatum</i> algae.

<p>The <i>Oophila</i> strains Hb_cul-rk (A−C) and BB_cul-B (D−F) belong to subclades I and III, respectively. Monotypic cultures displayed at least three different cell types, which include 1) free-swimming biflagellates (A, D), which correspond to zoospores or gametes, 2) cells enclosed within a mother cell wall (B, E), likely representing asexually dividing zoospores, and 3) larger non-motile zygotes (C, F). Scale bars: 10 µm (A−F).</p

Collection details of egg masses from which algae were sampled.

<p>Collection details of egg masses from which algae were sampled.</p

Maximum incidence of non-<i>Oophila</i> taxa in egg capsules, based on a>0.99 cumulative probability of detecting sequences and the actual number of sequences obtained (see equation 2 in Discussion).

<p>Maximum incidence of non-<i>Oophila</i> taxa in egg capsules, based on a>0.99 cumulative probability of detecting sequences and the actual number of sequences obtained (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108915#pone.0108915.e007" target="_blank">equation 2</a> in Discussion).</p

Map of the geographic range and collection sites for egg masses of four amphibian hosts.

<p>Species range maps are plotted on a map of North America (see the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108915#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>). The dark green color represents a range overlap between <i>L. sylvatica</i> and <i>A. maculatum</i>, and the pink color represents a range overlap between <i>L. aurora</i> and <i>A. gracile</i>. Numbered locations correspond to higher detail panels below. The maps of collection sites for algae corresponding to egg masses from <i>A. maculatum</i> and L. sylvatica in Nova Scotia, Canada (1), <i>A. gracile</i> in California, USA (2), <i>L. aurora</i> and <i>A. gracile</i> in Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, and <i>A. maculatum</i> in New Jersey and Tennessee of USA (4/5).</p