Isocaloric Supplements of Whey Protein and Carbohydrate on Responses of Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Systems and Blood Glucose Levels during Acute Progressive Exhaustive Exercises

Isocaloric Supplements of Whey Protein and Carbohydrates on Responses of Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Systems and Blood Glucose Levels during Acute Progressive Exhaustive Exercises. JEPonline 2023;26(3):1-14. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of isocaloric supplements of whey protein and carbohydrate on physiologic functions and performance. Three separated randomized ingestions of whey protein (PRO), carbohydrate (CHO), and mixing of PRO-CHO (MIX) were provided to healthy males prior to performing progressive exercises to exhaustion. Blood glucose levels and physiological variables of the cardiorespiratory and metabolic functions were determined. Higher blood glucose was detected only in the ingestion of CHO. Most of gas exchange and cardiorespiratory variables measured during exercise were similar in all trails, except for the lower diastolic BP in PRO than in CHO and MIX throughout the test. MIX induced a higher VO2 peak than did the other trials. In conclusion, immediate isocaloric ingestions of CHO, PRO, and MIX had exerted no impact on cardiorespiratory functions during high physical demands. Only the ingestion of CHO showed metabolic changes via blood glucose level; whereas, the ingestion of MIX induced a higher endurance performance on VO2 peak

Deep ocean mineral supplementation enhances the cerebral hemodynamic response during exercise and decreases inflammation postexercise in men at two age levels.

Background: Previous studies have consistently shown that oral supplementation of deep ocean minerals (DOM) improves vascular function in animals and enhances muscle power output in exercising humans. Purpose: To examine the effects of DOM supplementation on the cerebral hemodynamic response during physical exertion in young and middle-aged men. Design: Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover studies were conducted in young (N = 12, aged 21.2 ± 0.4 years) and middle-aged men (N = 9, aged 46.8 ± 1.4 years). The counter-balanced trials of DOM and Placebo were separated by a 2-week washout period. DOM and Placebo were orally supplemented in drinks before, during, and after cycling exercise. DOM comprises desalinated minerals and trace elements from seawater collected ~618 m below the earth's surface. Methods: Cerebral hemodynamic response (tissue hemoglobin) was measured during cycling at 75% VO2max using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Results: Cycling time to exhaustion at 75% VO2max and the associated plasma lactate response were similar between the Placebo and DOM trials for both age groups. In contrast, DOM significantly elevated cerebral hemoglobin levels in young men and, to a greater extent, in middle-aged men compared with Placebo. An increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was observed in middle-aged men, 2 h after exhaustive cycling, but was attenuated by DOM. Conclusion: Our data suggest that minerals and trace elements from deep oceans possess great promise in developing supplements to increase the cerebral hemodynamic response against a physical challenge and during post-exercise recovery for middle-aged men.This work was supported by Pacific Deep Ocean Biotech (Taipei,Taiwan) and University of Taipei (Taipei, Taiwan). The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results. We declare that the results of the study are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation

Thoraco-pulmonary mechanics: interaction of age and habitual physical activity

The research undertaken in this present investigation had three general aims. First, this project sought to quantify changes in both the elastic and flow-resistive work of breathing that accompany ageing, both at rest and during exercise at three submaximal intensities. Second, this project uniquely evaluated aged-related changes in the relative and simultaneous contributions ofthe chest wall and lung tissue to total respiratory elastic work. Previous research has not undertaken such a simultaneous assessment, leaving doubtful of their combined influence upon respiratory work in the ageing adult. Finally, since habitual physical activity has been shown to slow the ageing process within various physiological systems, this project tested the possibility that habitual physical activity could offset age-related effects on mechanical work of breathing, by preventing agerelated stiffening ofthe chest wall, and by helping to maintain the flow-resistive integrity of the airways. It was hypothesised that: 1.1.1 Ageing will result in a progressive increase in total respiratory elastic work and pulmonary flow-resistive work of breathing. 1.1.2 The changes in total respiratory elastic work will be brought about by an elevation in chest wall elasticity and a reduction in lung tissue elasticity. 1.1.3 The elevation in flow-resistive work encountered during exercise will be greater in older than younger subjects. 1.1.4 Habitual physical activity will act to minimise the effects of ageing on chest wall elastic work of breathing. These hypotheses were tested using a cross-sectional design, where ageing, in the absence of disease, was investigated in three discrete age groups (20-30 years; 40-50 years; and greater than 60+ years) of males. Pulmonary mechanical changes were fractionated into both elastic and flow-resistive components. Chest wall and lung tissue elastic work were determined from changes in transthoracic and transpulmonary pressures-volume relationships, obtained statically over the entire vital capacity. Flow-resistive work was quantified from dynamic changes in transpulmonary pressure and respiratory flow. Subjects were tested at rest and three exercise loads (two relative and one absolute). Finally, the interaction of habitual physical activity was assessed by using chronically sedentary and habitually physically active subjects

Cardiorespiratory, Metabolic, and Performance Changes from the Effects of Creatine and Caffeine Supplementations in Glucose—Electrolyte-Based Sports Drinks: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

The purpose of this study is to investigate the additive effects of creatine and caffeine on changes in the cardiorespiratory system, metabolism, and performance of soccer players. Seventeen male soccer players randomly ingested three sports drinks comprising the following: glucose–electrolyte-based (Drink 1, control; D1), glucose–electrolyte-based drink + 5 g creatine (Drink 2; D2), and glucose–electrolyte-based drink + 5 g creatine + 35 mg caffeine (Drink 3; D3) during a 15 min recovery period after the modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on a standard outdoor soccer field. Then, a 20-m repeated intermittent sprinting activity was performed. The results showed no significant differences in cardiorespiratory and gas exchange variables. The non-significant levels of blood glucose concentrations among drinks with higher blood lactate concentrations were detected in parallel with increased heart rate during intermittent sprinting as a result of exercise intensities. Significantly longer sprinting time was found in D3 than D1 (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between D2 and D3. From this study, we conclude that the additive effect of caffeine–creatine supplements in a glucose–electrolyte drink during the 15 min recovery period enhances repeated 20-m high-intensity running in soccer players with no negative effect on cardiorespiratory functions

Do current sports brassiere designs impede respiratory function?

PURPOSE: Although sports brassieres are more effective in limiting breast motion and related breast pain when compared with standard fashion brassieres, some females do not wear sports brassieres during physical activity, as they perceive them to be too tight around the torso, possibly impeding their performance during physical activity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether breast hypertrophy, breast momentum, and/or wearing a sports brassiere impeded respiratory function at rest and during physical activity. METHODS: Twenty-two active women completed standard resting spirometry maneuvers while not wearing a brassiere. All subjects then completed maximal cycle ergometer testing in two breast support conditions (sports brassiere and no brassiere (NB)), followed by submaximal treadmill exercise tests under three breast support conditions (sports brassiere, no brassiere and fashion brassiere) while standard spirometry, brassiere pressure and comfort were measured. RESULTS: The sports brassiere imparted significantly more pressure on smaller breasted females\u27 torsos when compared with the fashion brassiere (0.861 +/- 0.247 and 0.672 +/- 0.254 N.cm(-2), respectively), although this increased pressure did not appear to significantly affect measured lung volumes or brassiere comfort scores. Brassiere size affected maximal exercise ability (relative VO(2peak): smaller breasted NB: 49.84 +/- 6.15 mL.kg(-1).min(-1); larger breasted NB: 40.76 +/- 4.47 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) as well as some temporal measures of resting and submaximal respiration. However, no significant difference was found between the no brassiere and brassiere conditions in regards to measured lung volumes. CONCLUSIONS: As no significant restriction to exercise performance or respiratory mechanics was found when subjects wore sports brassieres, it was concluded that active females should wear a sports brassiere during physical activity to reduce breast motion and related breast pain

Twelve-weeks protocatechuic acid administration improvesinsulin-induced and insulin-like growth factor 1-induced vasorelaxation andantioxidant activities in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats

[[abstract]]Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a strong antioxidant, has been reported for its cardiovascular-protective effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PCA administration on vascular endothelial function, mediated by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and antioxidant activities in aging hypertension. Thirty-six-week-old male aging spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into vehicle control (SHR) and PCA (SHR+PCA) groups, while age-matched Wistar⁻Kyoto rats (WKY) served as the normotensive vehicle control group. The oral PCA (200 mg/kg/day) was administered daily for a total of 12 weeks. When the rats reached the age of 48 weeks, the rat aortas were isolated for the evaluation of vascular reactivity and Western blotting. Also, nitric oxide (NO) production and antioxidant activities were examined among the three groups. The results showed that, when compared with the SHR group, the insulin-induced and IGF-1-induced vasorelaxation were significantly improved in the SHR+PCA group. There was no significant difference in the endothelium-denuded vessels among the three groups. After the pre-incubation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors, the vasorelaxation was abolished and comparable among the three groups. The protein levels of insulin receptors, IGF-1 receptors, phospho-protein kinase B (p-Akt)/Akt, and phospho-endothelial NOS (p-eNOS)/eNOS in aortic tissues were significantly enhanced in the SHR+PCA group when compared with the SHR group. Moreover, significant improvements of nitrate/nitrite concentration and antioxidant activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidants, were also found in the SHR+PCA group. In conclusion, the 12 weeks of PCA administration remarkably improved the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation induced by insulin and IGF-1 in aging hypertension through enhancing the PI3K⁻NOS⁻NO pathway. Furthermore, the enhanced antioxidant activities partly contributed to the improved vasorelaxation

Combined Effects of 17β-estradiol and Exercise Training on Cardiac Apoptosis in Ovariectomized Rats

[[abstract]]Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined 17β-estradiol (E2) and exercise training on cardiac pro-survival and anti-apoptotic pathways in ovariectomized rats. Methods: Fifty-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a sham-operated (Sham), a bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX), an OVX treated with E2 (OVX-E2; 10μg/kg/day), and an OVX with E2 and treadmill exercise training (OVX-E2-EX; 60 min/day, 5 days/week) for 10 weeks. Following 10 weeks of exercise training, rat hearts were isolated for the evaluation of Histopathological analysis, TUNEL assay, and Western blotting. Results: The protein levels of estrogen receptor α (ERα), estrogen receptor β (ERβ), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), phospho-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K) (estrogen receptors/IGF-1-related survival pathway) were significantly increased in either the OVX-E2 or OVX-E2-EX group when compared with the OVX group. The protein levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL) and phosphorylated-Bad (p-Bad) (Bcl-2 family survival pathway) were significantly increased in the OVX-E2-EX group when compared with the OVX group. Only the p-Bad was significantly increased in the OVX-E2 group when compared with the OVX group. The protein levels of truncation of Bid (t-Bid), Bcl-2-associated death promotor (Bad), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Cytochrome c, caspases-9, and caspases-3 (mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway), as well as the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Fas ligand, Fas receptors, Fas-associated death domain (FADD), activated caspase-8 and activated caspase-3 (Fas receptor-dependent apoptotic pathway) were significantly decreased in either the OVX-E2 or OVX-E2-EX group when compared with the OVX group. Furthermore, when compared with the OVX-E2 group, the protein levels of ERβ, IGF-1, IGF-1R, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were further enhanced in the OVX-E2-EX group as well as the protein levels of Cytochrome c, Fas receptors, FADD, activated caspase-8, activated caspase-9 and activated caspase-3 were further decreased in the OVX-EX-E2 group. Conclusions: Combined E2 and exercise training exhibited a positive effect of protection on ovariectomy-induced cardiac apoptosis by enhancing ERβ-related survival pathways, which might provide a more effective therapeutic effect on cardiac protection in bilaterally oophorectomized or menopausal women than E2 treatment only