An interpretation of Global Consensus Recommendations on Prevention and Management of Nutritional Rickets in 2016

来自全球17个国家的11个国际科学组织的营养性佝偻病相关的专家，在评估营养性佝偻病特定问题的医学证据，达成循证医学的全球共识。于2016年在美国《临床内分泌和代谢杂志》发表了“营养性佝偻病预防和管理建议的全球共识”，提出了预防和治疗营养性佝偻病的新概念和新原则，不再使用“维生素D缺乏性佝偻病”，而采用“营养性佝偻病”，并且提出了新的定义；强调同时补充钙和维生素D预防和治疗营养性佝偻病，推荐性价比较高的碳酸钙制剂。Nutritional rickets-related experts from the 11 international scientific organizations 17 countries have made a global consensus on evidence-based medicine by assessing the medical evidence of specific problems of nutritional rickets. "Global Consensus Recommendations on Prevention and Management of Nutritional Rickets " was published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2016, and put forward the new concepts and new principles of prevention and treatment of nutritional rickets. This is no longer use of "vitamin D deficiency rickets" and the "nutritional rickets", a newdefinition was proposed"; It also stressed the use of calcium and vitamin D supplementation to prevent and treat nutritional rickets, and recommend cost-effective calcium carbonate preparations.

Cork Social and Health Education Project. Strengthening Family Communication to Prevent Misuse of Alcohol and Drugs: executive summary of evaluation study.

This summary is based on the Report of an Evaluation Study carried out on the Strengthening Family Communication To Prevent Misuse Of Alcohol And Drugs pilot programme. As the programme under study was at the formative stage of development, the evaluation procedures were mainly qualitative. The primary recommendations of the evaluation were: misconceptions and expectations of participants in the programme content and format need to be addressed; fathers and 'at risk' groups need to be targeted for inclusion; the objectives set for the programme may be too ambitious for the timeframe; the participatory element of the programme is difficult for many participants and tutors should be trained appropriately; timetabling issues need to be resolved to allow materials to be produced in time for sessions

Evaluation of local drugs task force projects: experiences and perceptions of planning and implementation.

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences and perceptions of the planning and implementation stages of project development among the managers of 142 projects set up since 1997 under the auspices of the Local Drugs Task Forces. 142 of 220 projects were chosen for evaluation using specific criteria. The main method of data collection was a detailed, face-to-face structured interview with the manager of each project. The fieldwork was conducted over a three month period by a panel of 13 evaluators, and interviews typically took about three to four hours to carry out. On the basis of the data obtained in the interview and any supporting written materials, the evaluators prepared an individual report for each project. When all the data across all the projects was collected, the PRC team checked and coded all the interview schedules. Qualitative analyses were carried out on all open-ended questions. The findings show that projects are providing a very wide range of activities and reaching a large number of people. Project managers perceive that they are meeting the needs of the community, and despite difficulties relating to premises, staffing and funding, two-thirds of the projects appear to have delivered what they set out to do. The findings also clearly show that community involvement is a significant element of the projects. It was also concluded that projects need support in addressing the concerns that have arisen, and in facing the challenges of the future. While increases and changes in the funding system are needed, support is also needed in the form of reliable data, guidance and training to enable capacity building, access to research expertise and networking opportunities. The LDTFs are clearly a critical source for provision of these different supports

A Model of Managed Co-operation : An evaluation of Co-Operation North's School and Youth Links Scheme

The three sister organisations of Co-Operation North, the Irish Peace Institute (IPI) and the Centre for International Co-Operation view managed co-operation as a significant and effective strategy in conflict resolution and in breaking down barriers between the two communities of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The shared aim of these organisations is to change attitudes so that an environment may be created which is free of prejudice, fear and ignorance. The underlying premise is that understanding and goodwill are developed through co-operative activities in the economic, social and cultural spheres. This study examines the process of managed co-operation underlying the activities of these organisations and on identifying a model which may be applied in other conflictual situations. The study focuses on Co-Operation North and on one particular programme operated by this organisation - the School and Youth Links Exchange Schemes. The study explores the experiences and perceptions of young people from Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland who meet together in different kinds of exchange projects. It describes their pre-conceptions, views and attitudes in relation to each other prior to going on exchange and compares these with their views and attitudes following the exchange encounter. The expectations and hopes which the young participants have of the exchange are described and their concerns and anxieties prior to meeting their counterparts from across the border are highlighted. Through the use of a comparison group of young people who have never experienced an exchange, the study identifies the kind of changes in views and attitudes which such an experience can bring about. This part of the study also highlights the personal benefits and learning which occur through the exchange - as these are perceived both by the young participants themselves and their exchange leaders. Through a series of interviews with exchange leaders, the study identifies the key elements contributing to the success of an exchange and outlines the kinds of problems and challenges involved in this particular process of managed co-operation. The activities in managed co-operation which are the object of this study must be viewed against a background of a conflict situation with two separate dimensions. The first dimension involves relationships between the two states of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, while the second dimension involves relationships between divided communities or traditions within Northern Ireland - the Catholic and Protestant communities and the Nationalist and Unionist traditions. The focus of the activities of Co-Operation North is primarily on inter-state rather than intra-state relationships

Planning and implementation of community-based projects.

This handbook was developed as a result of a study carried out on the planning and implementation of 142 community-based projects set up since 1997 under the auspices of the Local Drugs Task Forces. This handbook is aimed at new and existing community-based projects, project managers, management committees and those involved in drawing up finding proposals. The handbook contains practical information for project initiation, implementation, development and review

Reaching out : charitable giving and volunteering in the Republic of Ireland

This Report describes a study of charitable giving and volunteering in the Republic of Ireland. While this country has a long tradition of charitable giving, to date no research has been carried out which would provide accurate measures of how much money Irish people in fact donate to charity and how much time they give to voluntary activities. Neither is there any information on how Ireland compares with other countries in this regard. This study provides a detailed profile of those who give to charity - whether through donating or volunteering - in terms of their demographic and socio-economic characteristics. It describes the amounts of money and time involved and it identifies the kinds of charitable cause to which people give and the channels through which donations are made. The study also explores motivation for giving and volunteering, general attitudes towards the role and effectiveness of charities and factors related to individual preferences for particular kinds of charities and particular methods of donating. The findings serve as an information-base for policy-makers, fund-raisers and individual agencies providing voluntary services. Furthermore, the findings establish a baseline against which changes in charitable giving and volunteering may be monitored over time and against which comparisons with other countries may be made

Caring without limits? : Sufferers of Dementia/Alzheimer's disease : A study of their carers

This Report describes the findings obtained from a nationwide study of carers who are looking after a particular group of elderly people - those suffering from Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. The focus of the study is on the carers, on their experiences and perceptions of the caring role under these particular circumstances and on their primary needs and concerns. The study seeks to illustrate the lives of the carers and to identify and then discuss the policy issues arising from the findings. The experiences of the carers are explored within a framework developed in a previous study which views caregiving as a process with different stages: the decision to become a carer; becoming a carer; daily carrying out of caring tasks; review of caring role; and termination of caring role. Based on this framework the Report described who the carers are and how they happened to become the carers. The nature of the disabilities, symptoms and problem behaviours manifested by the dementia sufferers being cared for are described along with the extent of dependency exhibited. The Report outlines the kinds of tasks involved in the daily caring routine for a dependent person with dementia and explores the elements of caring most frequently experienced as problematic by the carers. The level of support - both in practical and emotional terms - which the carers receive from statutory and informal sources is outlined and the perceived primary needs of the carers and the services needed to address these needs are identified. The Report explores the particular stresses and strains involved in caring for a dementia sufferer and the impact which caregiving can have in different areas of the carer's life. In those cases where the dementia sufferer is now in long-term care, the Report describes the circumstances which led to institutionalisation and the ensuing consequences in the life of the carer. While the primary focus is on carers of elderly dementia sufferers, the Report also includes the findings obtained with a sub-group of carers looking after dementia sufferers who are not elderly. The Report explores the particular nature of caring for this latter group and compares the stresses, strains and needs involved when the dementia sufferer is elderly and when s/he is in a younger age-bracket. The study represents a contribution to the public debate on community care of dementia sufferers and provides data relevant to the question of how carers may be enabled to continue caring without undue cost to the quality of their own lives

Realising your potential 99-00 : getting the most out of college life

This handbook is designed to assist you in maximising the opportunities which a third-level education offers you. It provides guidelines on: Achieving a balanced life-style Defining and setting goals and priorities Time management Adopting a positive approach Effective problem-solving Managing stress Relaxation Identifying strength

Business matters for women

Nowadays the business world is no longer the exclusive province of men as more and more women are taking up the option of self-employment and setting up businesses themselves. Have you every thought about starting up in business? If you have, then this book is for you. This is an exciting time for women now that the changing nature of work is beginning to open up new opportunities and challenges. In particular, it is emerging that business really does matter for women. Business is becoming a real career option for women and an important means of self-advancement, fulfilment and economic independence. Increasingly, business is being seen as a possibl solution to problems arising from unemployment, redundancy, emigration or attempts to return to work after raising a family. Many women too see business as a more attractive alternative than attempting to overcome barriers to advancement in traditional organisations. In the USE, for example, women are going into business for themselves at twice the rate of men. In Ireland too, despite the unemployment statistics, and the gloomy headlines on recession, there are many opportunities for new businesses. Many women are exploiting this potential with women-owned businesses being the fastest growing sector, particularly in the service area. The entrepreneurial spirit is not new for women. Down through the years women have been involved in small-scale enterprises. Women have often been the silent partners with their spouses in running a small business or farm enterprise. Nowadays, however, women are taking a more public and prominent role in the world of business. These women entrepreneurs are not superwomen different from the ordinary community of women. They are women like yourself and you too can join them. The advice from successful Irish business women is that if you have a good idea for a business you should just go ahead and do it. It is important to have a positive approach and a positive self-image and to believe in your ability to be successful. Most importantly, these women emphasise that the business idea is vital, that you must know what you are setting out to do, be well-prepared, have done your homework and, above all else, you must plan. The key to success is realism and 'intelligent planned anticipation'