Insuficiencias de innovación

(Disponible en idioma inglés únicamente) Existe la idea corriente de que la baja productividad o un nivel bajo de crecimiento se deben a lo que cabría describir de `insuficiencia de innovación`, que usualmente se identifica como un nivel de inversión en investigación y desarrollo inferior al de algunos países altamente innovadores. La reacción usual a esta situación, que se percibe como un problema, es proponer una mayor inversión en investigación y desarrollo, por lo general, especificando una meta que puede llegar a ser de hasta tres por ciento del PIB. El problema de este análisis es que no toma en cuenta que un nivel bajo de inversión en investigación y desarrollo puede ser apropiado según el patrón de especialización de una economía dada, o puede simplemente ser una manifestación de problemas más generales que entorpezcan la acumulación de toda clase de capital. ¿Cuándo sufre un país las insuficiencias de innovación más allá de las que cabría esperar según sus patrones de especialización y acumulación? Ésta es la cuestión que se analiza en este trabajo. En primer lugar, se muestra una manera sencilla de calcular la brecha de investigación y desarrollo que cabe atribuir al patrón de especialización de un país, y se presenta el caso de Chile como ejemplo pertinente. El análisis demuestra que si bien la especialización de Chile en sectores con un uso intensivo de recursos naturales explica en parte la brecha en investigación y desarrollo, sigue habiendo una insuficiencia considerable. En segundo lugar, se muestra cómo se puede emplear un modelo calibrado para determinar la brecha de investigación y desarrollo que cabría esperar según la inversión de un país en capital físico y humano. Si la brecha real en investigación y desarrollo es mayor que la brecha anticipada, el país sufre de un verdadero déficit de innovación.

New records of biting midges of the genus Culicoides Latreille from Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

We provide the first records of six species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the genus Culicoides Latreille from Mexico: C. baueri Hoffman, C. castillae Fox, C. debilipalpis Lutz, C. iriartei Fox, C. leoni Barbosa and C. pusilloides Wirth and Blanton. In addition, C. leopoldoi Ortiz is confirmed from Mexico, and new records are included for 25 other species previously recorded in Mexico: C. arubae Fox and Hoffman, C. blantoni Vargas and Wirth, C. crepuscularis Malloch, C. daedalus Macfie, C. diabolicus Hoffman, C. foxi Ortiz, C. furens (Poey), C. gabaldoni Ortiz, C. haematopotus Malloch, C. hylas Macfie, C. insignis Lutz, C. jamaicensis Edwards, C. luteovenus Root and Hoffman, C. neopulicaris Wirth, C. nigrigenus Wirth and Blanton, C. pampoikilus Macfie, C. panamensis Barbosa, C. paraensis (Goeldi), C. phlebotomus (Williston), C. poikilonotus Macfie, C. pusillus Lutz, C. stigmalis Wirth, and all three species in the C. (Monoculicoides) variipennis complex, C. variipennis (Coquillett), C. occidentalis Wirth and Jones, and C. sonorensis Wirth and Jones

Video tutorials for strengthening mathematical reasoning in rural schools

This article is based on a research work whose objective was to strengthen the competence of mathematical reasoning from spatial thinking and geometric systems in fifth-grade students in an educational center of a rural sector through didactic sequences supported with video tutorials that helped improve performance for meaningful learning. The approach of the project was qualitative with an action research design. The techniques used were participant observation, diagnostic tests, development of didactic sequences as evidence of the students’ production, field diary and final test. The diagnostic and final tests made it possible to evaluate the level of performance of fifthgrade students in the area of mathematics, specifically in spatial thinking and geometric systems. It was of great interest to learn about Ausubel’s theory to strengthen meaningful learning and the structure proposed by Tobón for the construction of didactic sequences, which helped improve performance in the area. By achieving the objectives achieved, mathematical reasoning is strengthened from spatial thinking for meaningful learning, with the help of educational videos where it is shown how to give a relevant management to the mediating material (geo plane, tangram and soma cube), to better understand the mathematical processes according to the Basic Learning Rights)

CHANGES IN SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES AFTER LONG-TERM WARMING EXPOSURE

Microbial metabolism is a key controller of ecosystem processes (e.g., carbon cycling). However, we are only starting to identify the molecular mechanisms and feedback in response to long-term warming. My dissertation integrates multi-omics techniques to capture changes in soil microbial communities after long-term warming exposure. The research projects leverage three warming sites (i.e., SWaN, Barre Woods, and Prospect Hill) located in Western Massachusetts at Harvard Forest. These sites provided a unique experimental setup to better understand microbes in response to long-term temperature change. For the three research projects, we delved into the (i) microbial biodiversity across all three warming sites, (ii) integration of soil carbon chemistry and metatranscriptomics at the Barre Woods site, (iii) and a time series of soil metatranscriptomes at the Prospect Hill site. Overall, these studies revealed a broader scope of changes occurring with long-term warming than anticipated. The warming treatment induced shifts in fungi groups and recalcitrant carbon decomposer bacteria. Changes in microbial functions involved metabolic pathways associated to biogeochemical and cellular stability as result of nutrient limitation. Further, our results provided new insights in microbial response to chronic temperature stress, suggested an ongoing change in community structure and function, and linked soil carbon decrease to cellular processes using high throughput molecular techniques. This information will help to better understand interactions between microbial communities and the Earth’s climate

Willingness to Pay: Referendum Contingent Valuation and Uncertain Project Benefits

This study uses contingent valuation (CV) methods to estimate the benefit of an environmental water quality project of the Tietê River and its tributaries that flow through the São Paulo, Brazil, Metropolitan Area (SPMA). This paper demonstrates the range alternative central tendency measures for WTP produced under alternative parametric and nonparametric approaches using data gathered from a recent referendum CV survey that was conducted in Brazil to analyze a large, multi-phase water quality improvement project. It explains why one of the most commonly used measures, the unrestricted mean of the conditional inverse distribution function of WTP, may be less desirable and more computationally intensive than simpler alternatives like the nonparametric mean of the marginal inverse distribution function.Water management, Economics, contingent valuation, econometric models, environmental impact analysis, economic development projects

Análisis financiero Conjunto Residencial Hacienda los Alcaparros etapa II

Trabajo de Síntesis AplicadaPara el Conjunto Residencial Hacienda los Alcaparros Etapa II, se inició con el análisis de los balances generales y estados de resultado de los dos últimos años utilizando el resultado de los siguientes indicadores financieros y determinando la estructura financiera. Para los años 2017 y 2018 se relacionaron las cuentas más representativas para medir el comportamiento que ha tenido en el transcurso de los años seleccionados. Se evidencia que el rubro de Deudores Copropietarios y Cuotas de Administración tienen la mayor participación en los activos donde la variación que se refleja de un año al otro es un incremento importante el cual representa 85,06% en deudores copropietarios y un 117,91% para cuotas de administración.INTRODUCCIÓN - PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA - OBJETIVOS - ESTADO DEL ARTE - METODOLOGÍA - DIAGNÓSTICO - RECOMENDACIONES - REFERENCIAS - ANEXOSEspecializaciónEspecialista en Análisis y Administración Financier

HST emission-line images of nearby 3CR radio galaxies: two photoionization, accretion and feedback modes

We present HST/ACS narrow-band images of a low-z sample of 19 3C radio galaxies to study the H$\alpha$ and [OIII] emissions from the narrow-line region (NLR). Based on nuclear emission line ratios, we divide the sample into High and Low Excitation Galaxies (HEGs and LEGs). We observe different line morphologies, extended line emission on kpc scale, large [OIII]/H$\alpha$ scatter across the galaxies, and a radio-line alignment. In general, HEGs show more prominent emission line properties than LEGs: larger, more disturbed, more luminous, and more massive regions of ionized gas with slightly larger covering factors. We find evidence of correlations between line luminosities and (radio and X-ray) nuclear luminosities. All these results point to a main common origin, the active nucleus, which ionize the surrounding gas. However, the contribution of additional photoionization mechanism (jet shocks and star formation) are needed to account for the different line properties of the two classes. A relationship between the accretion, photoionization and feedback modes emerges from this study. For LEGs (hot-gas accretors), the synchrotron emission from the jet represents the main source of ionizing photons. The lack of cold gas and star formation in their hosts accounts for the moderate ionized-gas masses and sizes. For HEGs (cold-gas accretors), an ionizing continuum from a standard disk and shocks from the powerful jets are the main sources of photoionization, with the contribution from star formation. These components, combined with the large reservoir of cold/dust gas brought from a recent merger, account for the properties of their extended emission-line regions.Comment: accepted for publication on ApJ (22 pages, 12 figures

Backlash Compensation for Plants With Saturating Actuators

A compensation scheme is proposed for plants subject to both saturation and backlash in series at the actuator. It is shown that the series connection of a backlash inverse, saturation and the backlash itself is equivalent to a saturation function at a different level to the original saturation, and we call this the ‘saturation equivalence’. Therefore, it is proposed to include such a backlash inverse in the compensator. This is shown to be optimal in a sense defined in the article. It is then straightforward to devise a compensator scheme based on traditional anti-windup. This is illustrated in both simulation and on a laboratory scale rig with severe backlash. A correction for the chattering observed in the control signal due to the discontinuous nature of the nonlinearity inverse is also presented. </jats:p

Comparación del manejo de aguas residuales domésticas de la ciudad de Ibagué, con las tecnologías empleadas en la ciudad de São Carlos Brasil

Visita Técnica InternacionalLa investigación se realizó con el fin de hacer una comparación del manejo de las aguas residuales domesticas en Colombia, con las empleadas en Brasil, donde se recopiló la información en la salida internacional que se hizo en la ciudad de Sao Carlos, estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil, donde se contemplaron los sistemas de tratamiento y los datos de operación (físico/químicos) de entrada y salida de la planta, con el fin de verificar como funciona cada una de ellas y hacer su respectiva comparación.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. GENERALIDADES 2. CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LAS PTAR EN IBAGUÉ-COLOMBIA Y SAO CARLOS-BRASIL 3. INFRAESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA PTAR EL TEJAR Y LA PTAR MONJOLINHO 4. ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS COMPARATIVO DE LOS DOS SISTEMAS DE TRATAMIENTO 5. CONCLUSIONES 6. RECOMENDACIONES BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOSPregradoIngeniero Civi