Collaborative airport passenger management with a virtual control room

Key performance indicator-driven connection management at airports with public transportation services Integrated traffic management across a range of shareholders within a widespread network requires a definition of KPIs to assess intermodal performance. Their purpose is to monitor and analyze the technical performance of individual modules of a transportation network, e.g. an airport. Actions recommended to optimize operations and to maintain operation during disruptions are ideally based on an understanding of the system-wide impact of the action and for the entire intermodal chain of the journey from door to door. With all the numerous possible parameters and indicators which can be monitored within a complex transportation network, not every indicator is necessarily a key indicator. We show which indicators can depict a situation consisting of a system status and a system forecast, which allow interstakeholder optimization and which serve as an enabler for a Mobility as a Service (MaaS) concept. Examples of intermodal-oriented KPIs include the Amount of useable travel time, the Boarding Score and the Connectivity Matrix. Useable travel times are defined as the longest, continuous travel and waiting times which can be used for productivity or relaxation. The Boarding Score accounts for reaching a connection on time, e.g. catching the desired flight after travelling to the airport by train. The Connectivity Matrix dynamically expands the Minimum Connecting Time MCT (which is known from airports and is important for booking systems), allowing forecast values to be offered based on the demanded connecting journeys instead of on average spreadsheet values. With the deployment of the new key performance indicator set a tool is given to visualize situational awareness at an airport. This includes nowcasting as well as forecasting awareness which is required to assess different options of intervention. The method of calculation of the KPI set is enriched by a concept of visualization using virtual reality options to maintain usability within distributed management teams. For validation purpose, the Optimode.net simulation environment is used

Pressure Induced Crossover between a Ferromagnetic and a Canted Antiferromagnetic State for [Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-iron(III)][Tetracyanoethenide], [FeCp₂*][TCNE]

The reversible hydrostatic pressure dependent DC magnetic behavior of the ferromagnetically ordered electron transfer salt [Fe^IIICp₂*]^•+[TCNE]^•– (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienide; TCNE = tetracyanoethylene) was studied up to 12.2 kbar. A significant departure from the ambient pressure ferromagnetic behavior was observed under pressure. The temperature dependent magnetization data were typical of a ferromagnet at ambient pressure but exhibited an extreme reduction with increasing applied pressure, while metamagnetic-like behavior was evident in the field dependent magnetization data at 4.2 kbar and above. Hence, the decrease of the intermolecular separations due to increasing pressure enhances the nearest neighbor couplings, leading to an increase in magnetic ordering temperature, <i>T</i>_c. Furthermore, the presence of a metamagnetic-like behavior suggests an increase of the antiferromagnetic contribution to the interchain interactions. The low field magnetization data indicate that spin canting is induced by pressure, leading to a canted antiferromagnetic phase with a much lower magnetization than the low-pressure ferromagnetic state. This unprecedented magnetic behavior is consistent with the field, temperature, and pressure dependences of the magnetization below 20 K

[Ru^III(valen)(CN)₂]⁻: a New Building Block To Design 4d–4f Heterometallic Complexes

New 4d–4f heterometallic complexes with a one-dimensional structure, ¹_∞[{Ru­(valen)­(CN)₂KRu­(valen)­(CN)₂}­{Ln­(O₂NO)₂(CH₃OH)₃}]·2CH₃OH (Ln = Gd, Tb, Dy), have been assembled from the reaction of [K­(H₂O)₂Ru^III(valen)­(CN)₂]·H₂O with lanthanide nitrates. The exchange interaction between Ru^III and Gd^III mediated by the cyanido ligand was determined for the first time and found to be weak and of antiferromagnetic nature

Di- and Tetra-Nuclear Copper(II), Nickel(II), and Cobalt(II) Complexes of Four Bis-Tetradentate Triazole-Based Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties

Four bis-tetradentate <i>N</i>⁴-<i>substituted</i>-3,5-{bis­[bis-<i>N</i>-(2-pyridinemethyl)]­aminomethyl}-4<i>H-</i>1,2,4-triazole ligands, L^Tz1–L^Tz4, differing only in the triazole <i>N</i>⁴ substituent R (where R is amino, pyrrolyl, phenyl, or 4-<i>tert</i>butylphenyl, respectively) have been synthesized, characterized, and reacted with M^II(BF₄)₂·6H₂O (M^II = Cu, Ni or Co) and Co­(SCN)₂. Experiments using all 16 possible combinations of metal salt and L^TzR were carried out: 14 pure complexes were obtained, 11 of which are <i>dinuclear</i>, while the other three are <i>tetranuclear</i>. The dinuclear complexes include two copper­(II) complexes, [Cu^II₂(L^Tz2)­(H₂O)₄]­(BF₄)₄ (<b>2</b>), [Cu^II₂(L^Tz4)­(BF₄)₂]­(BF₄)₂ (<b>4</b>); two nickel­(II) complexes, [Ni^II₂(L^Tz1)­(H₂O)₃(CH₃CN)]­(BF₄)₄·0.5­(CH₃CN) (<b>5</b>) and [Ni^II₂(L^Tz4)­(H₂O)₄]­(BF₄)₄·H₂O (<b>8</b>); and seven cobalt­(II) complexes, [Co^II₂(L^Tz1)­(μ-BF₄)]­(BF₄)₃·H₂O (<b>9</b>), [Co^II₂(L^Tz2)­(μ-BF₄)]­(BF₄)₃·2H₂O (<b>10</b>), [Co^II₂­(L^Tz3)­(H₂O)₂]­(BF₄)₄ (<b>11</b>), [Co^II₂(L^Tz4)­(μ-BF₄)]­(BF₄)₃·3H₂O (<b>12</b>), [Co^II₂(L^Tz1)­(SCN)₄]·3H₂O (<b>13</b>), [Co^II₂(L^Tz2)­(SCN)₄]·2H₂O (<b>14</b>), and [Co^II₂(L^Tz3)­(SCN)₄]·H₂O (<b>15</b>). The tetranuclear complexes are [Cu^II₄(L^Tz1)₂(H₂O)₂(BF₄)₂]­(BF₄)₆ (<b>1</b>), [Cu^II₄(L^Tz3)₂(H₂O)₂(μ-F)₂]­(BF₄)₆·0.5H₂O (<b>3</b>), and [Ni^II₄(L^Tz3)₂(H₂O)₄(μ-F₂)]­(BF₄)₆·6.5H₂O (<b>7</b>). Single crystal X-ray structure determinations revealed different solvent content from that found by microanalysis of the bulk sample after drying under a vacuum and confirmed that <b>5</b>′, <b>8</b>′, <b>9</b>′, <b>11</b>′, <b>12</b>′, and <b>15</b>′ are dinuclear while <b>1</b>′ and <b>7</b>′ are tetranuclear. As expected, magnetic measurements showed that weak antiferromagnetic intracomplex interactions are present in <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>4</b>, <b>7</b>, and <b>8</b>, stabilizing a singlet spin ground state. All seven of the dinuclear cobalt­(II) complexes, <b>9</b>–<b>15</b>, have similar magnetic behavior and remain in the [HS–HS] state between 300 and 1.8 K

Design of One-Dimensional Coordination Networks from a Macrocyclic {3d-4f} Single-Molecule Magnet Precursor Linked by [W(CN)₈]^3– Anions

The outcome of 1:1 reactions of the tetranuclear 3d-4f Single Molecule Magnet (SMM) [Cu₃Tb­(L^Pr)­(NO₃)₂(H₂O)]­NO₃ (<b>1</b>) with (TBA)₃[W­(CN)₈] (TBA = tri-<i>n</i>-butyl ammonium cation, [(n-Bu)₃N–H]⁺) in dimethylformamide (DMF) is dependent on the crystallization method employed: liquid–liquid diffusion of the reagents together gives {[Cu₃Tb­(L^Pr)­W­(CN)₈(DMF)₄]·(DMF)}_<i>n</i> (<b>2</b>) whereas diethyl ether vapor diffusion into the reaction solution gives {[Cu₃Tb­(L^Pr)­W­(CN)₈(DMF)₃(H₂O)₃]·(DMF)_1.5·(H₂O)_0.5}_<i>n</i> (<b>3</b>). Both compounds are obtained as black single crystals and feature one-dimensional (1D) coordination networks (chains) of [<b>1</b>]³⁺ macrocycles linked by [W­(CN)₈]^3– anions. The two assemblies differ from a structural point of view. Complex <b>2</b> has a stepped arrangement with the linkers bound to the opposite faces of the macrocycle, whereas <b>3</b> has a square-wave arrangement due to the linkers binding to the same face of the macrocycle. Both compounds display an antiferromagnetic ground state below 3.5 and 2.4 K with a metamagnetic and antiferromagnetic (<i>T, H</i>) phase diagram for <b>2</b> and <b>3</b>, respectively. Remarkably the slow dynamics of the magnetization of the [<b>1</b>]³⁺ macrocycle units is preserved in <b>3</b> while this property is quenched in <b>2</b> because of stronger intra- and interchain magnetic interactions inducing a higher critical temperature

Cyanido-Bridged Fe(III)–Mn(III) Heterobimetallic Materials Built From Mn(III) Schiff Base Complexes and Di- or Tri-Cyanido Fe(III) Precursors

The reaction of [Fe^IIIL­(CN)₃]⁻ (L being bpca = bis­(2-pyridylcarbonyl)­amidate, pcq = 8-(pyridine-2-carboxamido)­quinoline) or [Fe^III(bpb)­(CN)₂]⁻ (bpb = 1,2-bis­(pyridine-2-carboxamido)­benzenate) ferric complexes with Mn^III salen type complexes afforded seven new bimetallic cyanido-bridged Mn­(III)–Fe­(III) systems: [Fe­(pcq)­(CN)₃Mn­(saltmen)­(CH₃OH)]·CH₃OH (<b>1</b>), [Fe­(bpca)­(CN)₃Mn­(3-MeO-salen)­(OH₂)]<b>·</b>CH₃OH<b>·</b>H₂O (<b>2</b>), [Fe­(bpca)­(CN)₃Mn­(salpen)] (<b>3</b>), [Fe­(bpca)­(CN)₃Mn­(saltmen)] (<b>4</b>), [Fe­(bpca)­(CN)₃Mn­(5-Me-saltmen)]·2CHCl₃ (<b>5</b>), [Fe­(pcq)­(CN)₃Mn­(5-Me-saltmen)]·2CH₃OH·0.75H₂O (<b>6</b>), and [Fe­(bpb)­(CN)₂Mn­(saltmen)]·2CH₃OH (<b>7</b>) (with saltmen^2– = <i>N,N</i>′-(1,1,2,2-tetramethylethylene)­bis­(salicylideneiminato) dianion, salpen^2– = <i>N,N</i>′-propylenebis­(salicylideneiminato) dianion, salen^2– = <i>N,N</i>′-ethylenebis­(salicylideneiminato) dianion). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies were carried out for all these compounds indicating that compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> are discrete dinuclear [Fe­(III)–CN–Mn­(III)] complexes while systems <b>3</b>–<b>7</b> are heterometallic chains with {−NC–Fe­(III)–CN–Mn­(III)} repeating units. These chains are connected through π–π and short contact interactions to form extended supramolecular networks. Investigation of the magnetic properties revealed the occurrence of antiferromagnetic Mn­(III)···Fe­(III) interactions in <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> while ferromagnetic Mn­(III)···Fe­(III) interactions were detected in <b>5</b>–<b>7</b>. The nature of these Mn­(III)···Fe­(III) magnetic interactions mediated by a CN bridge appeared to be dependent on the Schiff base substituent. The packing is also strongly affected by the nature of the substituent and the presence of solvent molecules, resulting in additional antiferromagnetic interdinuclear/interchain interactions. Thus the crystal packing and the supramolecular interactions induce different magnetic properties for these systems. The dinuclear complexes <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, which possess a paramagnetic <i>S</i>_T = 3/2 ground state, interact antiferromagnetically in their crystal packing. At high temperature, the complexes <b>3</b>–<b>7</b> exhibit a one-dimensional magnetic behavior, but at low temperature their magnetic properties are modulated by the supramolecular arrangement: a three-dimensional antiferromagnetic order with a metamagnetic behavior is observed for <b>3</b>, <b>4</b>, and <b>7</b>, and Single-Chain Magnet properties are detected for <b>5</b> and <b>6</b>

Design of One-Dimensional Coordination Networks from a Macrocyclic {3d-4f} Single-Molecule Magnet Precursor Linked by [W(CN)₈]^3– Anions

The outcome of 1:1 reactions of the tetranuclear 3d-4f Single Molecule Magnet (SMM) [Cu₃Tb­(L^Pr)­(NO₃)₂(H₂O)]­NO₃ (<b>1</b>) with (TBA)₃[W­(CN)₈] (TBA = tri-<i>n</i>-butyl ammonium cation, [(n-Bu)₃N–H]⁺) in dimethylformamide (DMF) is dependent on the crystallization method employed: liquid–liquid diffusion of the reagents together gives {[Cu₃Tb­(L^Pr)­W­(CN)₈(DMF)₄]·(DMF)}_<i>n</i> (<b>2</b>) whereas diethyl ether vapor diffusion into the reaction solution gives {[Cu₃Tb­(L^Pr)­W­(CN)₈(DMF)₃(H₂O)₃]·(DMF)_1.5·(H₂O)_0.5}_<i>n</i> (<b>3</b>). Both compounds are obtained as black single crystals and feature one-dimensional (1D) coordination networks (chains) of [<b>1</b>]³⁺ macrocycles linked by [W­(CN)₈]^3– anions. The two assemblies differ from a structural point of view. Complex <b>2</b> has a stepped arrangement with the linkers bound to the opposite faces of the macrocycle, whereas <b>3</b> has a square-wave arrangement due to the linkers binding to the same face of the macrocycle. Both compounds display an antiferromagnetic ground state below 3.5 and 2.4 K with a metamagnetic and antiferromagnetic (<i>T, H</i>) phase diagram for <b>2</b> and <b>3</b>, respectively. Remarkably the slow dynamics of the magnetization of the [<b>1</b>]³⁺ macrocycle units is preserved in <b>3</b> while this property is quenched in <b>2</b> because of stronger intra- and interchain magnetic interactions inducing a higher critical temperature

Structure and Properties of New Mixed-Valent [Mn^III₂Mn^IV₃Ln^III₅O₅] Complexes (Ln^III = Tm^III, Lu^III, and Yb^III)

By using 2′-hydroxyacetophenoxime, a new family of complexes with an [Mn^III₂Mn^IV₃Ln₅O₅] core was obtained with Ln = Tm (<b>1</b>), Lu (<b>2</b>), and Yb (<b>3</b>). Heterometallic Mn/Tm and Mn/Lu combinations have had no precedence so far. Studies of the magnetic properties indicate the presence of intracomplex antiferromagnetic interactions in <b>1</b> and <b>3</b>, as well as a dominating ferromagnetic interaction between Mn^III and Mn^IV spins in <b>2</b>, leading to an <i>S</i>_T = ⁵/₂ ground state

Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of a Family of Heterometallic Heptanuclear [Cu₅Ln₂] (Ln = Y(III), Lu(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Er(III), and Yb(III)) Complexes: Observation of SMM behavior for the Dy(III) and Ho(III) Analogues

Sequential reaction of the multisite coordination ligand (LH₃) with Cu­(OAc)₂·H₂O, followed by the addition of a rare-earth­(III) nitrate salt in the presence of triethylamine, afforded a series of heterometallic heptanuclear complexes containing a [Cu₅Ln₂] core {Ln = Y­(<b>1</b>), Lu­(<b>2</b>), Dy­(<b>3</b>), Ho­(<b>4</b>), Er­(<b>5</b>), and Yb­(<b>6</b>)}. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography reveals that all the complexes are dicationic species that crystallize with two nitrate anions to compensate the charge. The heptanuclear aggregates in <b>1</b>–<b>6</b> are centrosymmetrical complexes, with a hexagonal-like arrangement of six peripheral metal ions (two rare-earth and four copper) around a central Cu­(II) situated on a crystallographic inversion center. An all-oxygen environment is found to be present around the rare-earth metal ions, which adopt a distorted square-antiprismatic geometry. Three different Cu­(II) sites are present in the heptanuclear complexes: two possess a distorted octahedral coordination sphere while the remaining one displays a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. Detailed static and dynamic magnetic properties of all the complexes have been studied and revealed the single-molecule magnet behavior of the Dy­(III) and Ho­(III) derivatives

Cyanido-Bridged Fe(III)–Mn(III) Heterobimetallic Materials Built From Mn(III) Schiff Base Complexes and Di- or Tri-Cyanido Fe(III) Precursors

The reaction of [Fe^IIIL­(CN)₃]⁻ (L being bpca = bis­(2-pyridylcarbonyl)­amidate, pcq = 8-(pyridine-2-carboxamido)­quinoline) or [Fe^III(bpb)­(CN)₂]⁻ (bpb = 1,2-bis­(pyridine-2-carboxamido)­benzenate) ferric complexes with Mn^III salen type complexes afforded seven new bimetallic cyanido-bridged Mn­(III)–Fe­(III) systems: [Fe­(pcq)­(CN)₃Mn­(saltmen)­(CH₃OH)]·CH₃OH (<b>1</b>), [Fe­(bpca)­(CN)₃Mn­(3-MeO-salen)­(OH₂)]<b>·</b>CH₃OH<b>·</b>H₂O (<b>2</b>), [Fe­(bpca)­(CN)₃Mn­(salpen)] (<b>3</b>), [Fe­(bpca)­(CN)₃Mn­(saltmen)] (<b>4</b>), [Fe­(bpca)­(CN)₃Mn­(5-Me-saltmen)]·2CHCl₃ (<b>5</b>), [Fe­(pcq)­(CN)₃Mn­(5-Me-saltmen)]·2CH₃OH·0.75H₂O (<b>6</b>), and [Fe­(bpb)­(CN)₂Mn­(saltmen)]·2CH₃OH (<b>7</b>) (with saltmen^2– = <i>N,N</i>′-(1,1,2,2-tetramethylethylene)­bis­(salicylideneiminato) dianion, salpen^2– = <i>N,N</i>′-propylenebis­(salicylideneiminato) dianion, salen^2– = <i>N,N</i>′-ethylenebis­(salicylideneiminato) dianion). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies were carried out for all these compounds indicating that compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> are discrete dinuclear [Fe­(III)–CN–Mn­(III)] complexes while systems <b>3</b>–<b>7</b> are heterometallic chains with {−NC–Fe­(III)–CN–Mn­(III)} repeating units. These chains are connected through π–π and short contact interactions to form extended supramolecular networks. Investigation of the magnetic properties revealed the occurrence of antiferromagnetic Mn­(III)···Fe­(III) interactions in <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> while ferromagnetic Mn­(III)···Fe­(III) interactions were detected in <b>5</b>–<b>7</b>. The nature of these Mn­(III)···Fe­(III) magnetic interactions mediated by a CN bridge appeared to be dependent on the Schiff base substituent. The packing is also strongly affected by the nature of the substituent and the presence of solvent molecules, resulting in additional antiferromagnetic interdinuclear/interchain interactions. Thus the crystal packing and the supramolecular interactions induce different magnetic properties for these systems. The dinuclear complexes <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, which possess a paramagnetic <i>S</i>_T = 3/2 ground state, interact antiferromagnetically in their crystal packing. At high temperature, the complexes <b>3</b>–<b>7</b> exhibit a one-dimensional magnetic behavior, but at low temperature their magnetic properties are modulated by the supramolecular arrangement: a three-dimensional antiferromagnetic order with a metamagnetic behavior is observed for <b>3</b>, <b>4</b>, and <b>7</b>, and Single-Chain Magnet properties are detected for <b>5</b> and <b>6</b>