6,777 research outputs found
Tissue lipides in domestic animals: with special reference to the pregnant ewe
(1) Methods of lipide analysis have been surveyed
and suitable techniques adopted for a study of
tissue lipides in domestic animals.
(2) Data are presented for liver lipides in twenty-five
non-pregnant and ninety pregnant ewes,showing
that fatty infiltration of the liver is quite
common in apparently healthy pregnant animals.
These findings are analysed in detail.
Analyses of kidney specimens from the same
animals are also recorded.
(3) The effects of castration and of pregnancy
toxaemia on tissue lipides have been examined
and discussed.
(4) Original data are given for blood lipides in the
sheep, along with a survey of the effects of
pregnancy and of fasting on the various fractions.
(5) The operation of partial hepatectomy has been
successfully adapted for use in ruminants and
applied to a study of the effect of fasting on
liver fat
Social class, the symbolic environment, and the relationship between parental behaviour, self-conception and psychopathology in adolescent boys
This thesis describes an attempt to develop and test a model
of the relationship between the social environment and mental disorder.
Despite a voluminous literature, and a research tradition
which extends back over thirty-five years, understanding of the part
played by the social environment in the aetiology of mental disorder
remains relatively obscure. This is so even in the case of analyses
of the relationship between social class and mental disorder, where
the research evidence is perhaps more consistent than in any other
part of the field.On the basis of a review of the existing literature, it is
argued that an effective sociological model of the causation of
mental disorder should satisfy three basic criteria. Psychiatrically,
it should explain why "abnormal" behaviour occurs. From
a sociological point of view, it will obviously require to relate
this to the social experience of the individual. Methodologically,
it should be capable of reduction to a set of complementary propositions,
from which a series of testable hypotheses may be logically
derived.Using Popper's terms, a distinction is made between "essentialist"
and "nominalist" models of social structure. Consideration of the
research- literature indicates that studies which invoke an essentialist
model of social structure are unlikely to satisfy these criteria,
because they fail to create an effective link between the individual
and his social environment, and so do not permit direct testing of the
processes presumed to be influential in the causation of psychiatric breakdown. Conversely, studies based on a nominalist perspective
have produced hypotheses which, while more testable, have tended
also to be sociologically rather trivial as accounts of the genesis
of mental disorder. This indicates the need for a perspective which
uses the individual as its focus of analysis, but which also makes
meaningful links between the individual and his social environment.It is argued that symbolic interactionism provides such a perspective.
An analysis of symbolic interactionist theory suggests
that sociological research in psychiatry may usefully be organised
around the concepts of the self and the symbolic environment. It
is further suggested that these may be applied to research at a
"situational" and an "aetiological" level. The present study is
an attempt to establish the utility of these concepts for research
in this area, with particular reference to the relationship bei een
social class and mental illness, through an investigation of the
latter type.On the basis of these two concepts, a set of three basic
assumptions were formulated, concerning the relationship between
parental behaviour, self -conception and psychopathology. From
these three assumptions, and in the further light of a review of
extant literature, ten hypotheses were constructed for testing in
the present investigation. In essence, these predict that there
will be social -class differences in the way the variables of psychopathology,
self -perception and parental behaviour are related to
each other, and that these will be attributable to differences in
the assumptions which underlie interactions within the family in
different class groups.These hypotheses were tested in a prevalence study involving
392 adolescent boys, using questionnaire measures of psychopathology,
self -perceptions and perceptions of parents - the sample being
stratified by social class.The results give some support to the main hypotheses of the
research. In particular, it was discovered that the self-concept
is an essential intervening variable in the relationship between
parental behaviour and psychopathology. Moreover, it was discovered
that the only social -class group in which parental behaviour per se
is related to the existence of psychopathology in the child is social
class 3, where the relationship is significantly greater than that
found in classes 1 and 2 or classes 4 and 5. In the latter group,
the findings tend to suggest that insofar as parental behaviour is
related to psychopathology, anxiety is related to a perception of
father as more relaxed, independent and strong than mother, which
pattern is significantly different from that found in classes 1 and
2, where neuroticism correlates with a perception of mother as more
strict, cold, sure of self, strong and independent than father.
The indications are also that the relationship between self-conception
and psychopathology is stronger in these middle-class than in the
working-class groups, with a particularly strong relationship between
psychopathology and the discrepancy between how boys see themselves,
and what they think their parents would like them to be like.For reasons which are specified in the text, it was however
decided that the concept of the symbolic environment is not in
itself adequate to account for these findings. A revised explanation
is presented, based on the notion of parental behaviours and adolescent
personality-characteristics which are "functional" within particular
types of (class-determined) environment, The findings are analysed
in the light of this revised explanation. Suggestions are also
made concerning methodological improvements which might be effected
in similar studies in the future
Effectiveness Of Primary And Booster Covid-19 Mrna Vaccination Against Infection Caused By The Sars-Cov-2 Omicron Variant In People With A Prior Sars-Cov-2 Infection
Objective: To estimate the effectiveness of a primary (two-dose) and booster (third dose) vaccination against Omicron infection among previously infected people.Methods: We designed a test-negative case-control study among vaccine eligible people who received SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing between November 1, 2021, and January 31, 2022 from the Yale New Haven Health System facilities serving southern Connecticut communities. Our primary exposure was COVID-19 mRNA primary and booster vaccination. We conducted two analyses, each with an outcome of Omicron BA.1 variant infection (S-gene target failure defined) and each stratified by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection status. We estimated the effectiveness of primary vaccination on the period before and during booster eligibility (14-149 and ≥150 days, respectively, after 2nd dose) and of booster vaccination (≥14 days after booster dose). To test whether booster vaccination reduced the risk of infection beyond that of the primary series, we compared the odds among boosted and booster eligible people. Results: Overall, 10,676 cases and 119,397 controls were included (median age: 39 and 35 years, respectively). Among cases and controls, 6.1% and 7.8% had a prior infection. The effectiveness of primary vaccination 14-149 days after 2nd dose was 36.1% (95% CI, 7.1-56.1%) and 28.5% (95% CI, 20.0-36.2%) for people with and without prior infection, respectively. The effectiveness of booster vaccination was 45.8% (95% CI, 20.0-63.2%) and 56.9% (95% CI, 52.1-61.2%) on people with and without prior infection, respectively. The odds ratio comparing boosted and booster eligible people with prior infection was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.56-1.23), whereas the odds ratio comparing boosted and booster eligible people without prior infection was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.46-0.56). Conclusions: Primary vaccination provided significant but limited protection against Omicron BA.1 infection among people with and without prior infection. While booster vaccination was associated with additional protection in people without prior infection, it was not associated with significant additional protection among people with prior infection. These findings support primary vaccination in people regardless of prior infection status but suggest that infection history should be considered when evaluating the need for booster vaccination
Examination of the evolution of multi-percussion
The twentieth century belonged to percussion. In previous centuries, percussion performed a supporting function with its primary role being to accentuate chordal changes and reinforce the beat. By the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries orchestras expanded in size and instrumentation with percussion taking on a more prominent role, particularly in the works of composers such as Debussy, Stravinsky, and Mahler. It was at this moment in time that percussion assumed a new and unique role to express changes in colour and timbre, alongside its rhythmic function. The percussion repertoire of the twentieth century reflected the Zeitgeist, and composers exploited the creative potential of this sonic and textural pallete. This led to the development of various settings of multi-percussion; orchestral, chamber, percussion ensembles, and solo multi-percussion works. This thesis will examine this development throughout the twentieth century focusing on, and clearly defining, the impetus of each setting of multi-percussion composition. It questions the assumption that L’histoire du soldat was the flashpoint in the development of multi-percussion and finds that there were a myriad of factors that contributed to the rapid expansion of the art form
An urban school for District Six
Why an urban school for District Six? The inspiration for this thesis was stimulated by various factors, the roots of which stem from the first term of 1965, when I was involved in a Redevelopment Scheme for District Six. As a student of Architecture, this exercise had a profound affect on me. It introduced to me vital considerations concerning Architecture of which, up until that time, I had only been superficially aware. It was necessary to study the anatomy of the city, to understand its complexity, before attempting to perform such a sensitive operation as a Redevelopment Scheme. To be one of a thousand designers in "a city of a thousand designers", it is just as necessary to be equipped with this understanding when involved with the design of an individual structure. This valuable exercise produced results of sufficient substance and merit to warrant it being carried a step further. The object of this thesis is to develop a school which will take its place in the proposed Redevelopment Scheme. The role of a school is an urban area such as District Six can be vitally important in cultivating a community within a slum and at the same time transforming it into a new world. A virtue must be made of increasing populations. Outdated suburban standards must be discarded - they have no place in a city. A new set of standards must be created to satisfy the needs of a rapidly expanding Twentieth Century urban environment. This is the challenge I have set myself
The Significance of Florida\u27s History
This address was delivered by Dr. Robertson before the Society at its recent annual meeting
Hierarchical architecture design and simulation environment
The Hierarchical Architectural design and Simulation Environment (HASE)is
intended as a flexible tool for computer architects who wish to experiment with
alternative architectural configurations and design parameters. HASE is both
a design environment and a simulator. Architecture components are described
by a hierarchical library of objects defined in terms of an object oriented simulation language. HASE instantiates these objects to simulate and animate the
execution of a computer architecture. An event trace generated by the simulator
therefore describes the interaction between architecture components, for example,
fetch stages, address and data buses, sequencers, instruction buffers and register
files. The objects can model physical components at different abstraction levels,
eg. PMS (processor memory switch), ISP (instruction set processor) and RTL
(register transfer level). HASE applies the concepts of inheritance, encapsulation
and polymorphism associated with object orientation, to simplify the design and
implementation of an architecture simulation that models component operations
at different abstraction levels. For example, HASE can probe the performance
of a processor's floating point unit, executing a multiplication operation, at a
lower level of abstraction, i.e. the RTL, whilst simulating remaining architecture
components at a PMS level of abstraction. By adopting this approach, HASE
returns a more meaningful and relevant event trace from an architecture simulation. Furthermore, an animator visualises the simulation's event trace to clarify
the collaborations and interactions between architecture components. The prototype version of HASE is based on GSS (Graphical Support System), and DEMOS
(Discrete Event Modelling On Simula)
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