Observation method in marketing research

In this paper, the key features of observation, as a specific research method that is used to research various social phenomena (including business and marketing), have been considered. The study focuses on the advantages and drawbacks of this method during its application. Also, an observation method is compared to the other methods to collect data, especially to survey which uses recognizable measurement instruments (questionnaire and interview, first of all). This analysis has shown that observation, if it is conducted in a systematic way, may be a more objective method than the survey

Water temperature adjustment in spas by the aid of heat pumps

Mineral spas are considered an important national resource, used mainly for therapeutical and recreational purposes. However, raw mineral waters are often at temperatures different from the required ones and need to be cooled or heated to be adjusted to the level adequate for a specified purpose. For such an adjustment, energy is either released (when cooling down the mineral water) or consumed (for heating up the mineral water). Heat pumps may be used to multiply the gain of energy when released, or reduce the energy needed for heating the water. The report deals with technical possibilities and economic benefits of the use of heat pumps in such case studies in two spas of Serbia, Mataruska spa near Kraljevo, and Bukovicka spa in Arandjelovac

Ethical aspects in public relations

The basic aim of this paper is to explore public relations practitioners' different perceptions of professional ethics depending on gender, age, educational level and years of experience. Analysis of professional ethics in Serbian public relations, has gained the ability to introduce all relevant aspects that should act in order to reach the positive developments and improve the existing situation in the field of ethics in public relations. The conclusion may be derived from this research is that business ethics in public relations in Serbia is at a high level. However, we must accept these results with caution, because very critical and sensitive issues of ethics lead to the interviewees to give fulsome answers that prove and practical examples. In order to obtain relevant results in future studies need to be, above all, changed the manner of conducting the survey. So, you need a personal approach with full respect for the respondents of anonymity. Business ethics in Serbia deserves much more attention and through education and research, as well as direct examples of business practice.

Adjusting tourist destination marketing strategy according to the changes in the environment: Case study Bukovicka sSpa

Tourist destinations are compelled to create new business opportunities constantly in order to respond to the challenges that arise under the influence of a number of changes in the environment. Few of them are supporting the requirements for analyzing and creating a sustainable business and marketing strategies. The paper starts with the analysis of relevant theory and practice in decisionmaking and choosing the marketing strategy of the tourist destination, pointing to the importance of continuous adjustment of marketing strategy in order to improve the business performance and competitive advantage. A new approach to the design and management of market relations, as well as the need for adjusting marketing strategies to the changes in the environment, is presented in the case of Bukovacka Spa. In deciding, great emphasis is placed on the role and importance of innovation in marketing approaches as well as on the need to develop socially responsible marketing in order to improve its business performance and response to changes in the environment and more successfully positioning

Kancerogeni policiklični aromatični ugljovodonici u ekonomiji i zakonodavstvu

There are certain opposites in the relation of economy and ecology, but at the present days the ultimate task is to realize reciprocity between them. The interaction between economy and nature has come to the phase which demands permanent tracking, and action as well. This is a necessity not only due to the restricted natural resources, but primarily due to the releasement of waste materials which exceeds the absorption capacity of global environment. Every responsible economy has to develop strategies of environmental protection and sustainable development. These strategies have to be based on objective, and professionally determined state, economic and law principles. Recently, an increasing public concern and a scientific investigations have been focused on the occurrence of PAHs and their control in air, water, soil, and herbal and animal products. Polyciclyc Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of several hundred diverse compounds usually containing two to seven fused benzene rings. They belong to a special group of ubiquitous contaminants known as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), which are subject to long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), and most can be photo-oxidized and degraded to simpler substances, which is very important for their distribution and fate in the environment and biota. PAH exposure through air, water, soil, tobacco smoke and food sources, occurs on a regular basis for most people. Routes of exposure include ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact in both occupational and non-occupational settings. It was essential, in order to protect public health, and environment in general, to keep these contaminants, which are considered to be genotoxic carcinogens, at levels which are toxicologically acceptable. Maximum levels in foodstuffs, water, and air have been set at a strict levels by specific agencies in many countries. The 16 PAHs are included in the list of priority pollutants in EU: benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene (CPP), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcP), benzo(c)fluorene (BcL), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(j)fluoranthene (BjF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BgP), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DhA), dibenzo(a,e)pyrene (DeP), dibenzo(a,h)pyrene (DhP), dibenzo(a,i)pyrene (DiP) and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (DlP). The most known potent carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene, is commonly used as an environmental indicator for PAHs. A recent directive of the European Commission (The Commission of the European Communities) uses BaP as a marker for the carcinogenic risk of PAHs and sets a limit value for this toxicant, to be attained as far as possible 1 ng/m3. The carcinogenicity of BaP and of other PAHs is well established in laboratory animals. Researchers have reported incidences of skin, lung, bladder, liver, and stomach cancers, in animals. Animal studies showed that certain PAHs also can affect the immune systems and produce reproductive, neurologic, and developmental effects.Na relaciji ekonomija - ekologija postoje određene suprotnosti, ali je u današnjem trenutku nužno iznalaženje njihove uzajamnosti. Interakcija privrede sa prirodom ušla je u fazu koja iziskuje permanentno praćenje i aktivne mere. Ovo je neophodno ne samo zbog limitiranosti prirodnih resursa, već pre svega zbog ispuštanja otpada koji prevazilazi apsorpcioni kapacitet globalnog prirodnog okruženja. Svaka odgovorna nacija mora da razvije strategije ekološke zaštite i prihvatljivog i održivog razvoja. Te strategije se moraju zasnivati na objektivno, stručno utvrđenom stanju, ekonomskim principima i zakonskim mogućnostima. U najnovije vreme, povećana zabrinutost javnosti, kao i naučna istraživanja, bili su fokusirani na postojanje policikličnih aromatičnih ugljovodonika (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs) i njihovu kontrolu u vazduhu, vodi, zemljištu, kao i biljnim i životinjskim produktima. PAH-ovi pripadaju klasi od nekoliko stotina različitih jedinjenja, koja uobičajeno sadrže dva do sedam kondenzovanih benzenovih prstenova. Oni takođe pripadaju posebnoj grupi sveprisutnih kontaminanata poznatih kao perzistentni organski zagađivači (Persistent Organic Pollutants, POPs) i podležu transportu na velike udaljenosti (long-range atmospheric transport, LRAT), kao i foto-oksidaciji i degradaciji u jednostavnije supstance, što je od velikog značaja za njihovu disrtibuciju i sudbinu u životnoj sredini i živom svetu. Za većinu ljudi, izloženost PAH-ovima ide preko vazduha, vode, zemljišta, duvanskog dima i hrane. Putevi izloženosti uključuju ingestiju, inhalaciju i preko kože i to kako u okruženju radnog mesta, tako i van njega. Da bi se zaštitilo javno zdravlje i uopšte, životna sredina, od esencijalne važnosti je bilo da se ovi kontaminanti koji se smatraju genotoksičnim kancerogenima, drže na nivoima koji su toksikološki prihvatljivi. Maksimalne dozvoljene koncentracije u namirnicama, vodi i vazduhu ustanovljene su od strane odgovarajućih agencija u mnogim državama. Na listi prioritetnih zagađivača u EU nalazi se 16 PAHs jedinjenja: benzo(a)piren (BaP), ciklopenta(c,d)piren (CPP), indeno(1,2,3-cd)piren (IcP), benzo(c)fluoren (BcL), benzo(a)antracen (BaA), hrizen (CHR), 5-metilhrizen (5MC), benzo(b)fluoranten (BbF), benzo(j)fluoranten (BjF), benzo(k)fluoranten (BkF), benzo(g,h,i)perilen (BgP), dibenzo(a,h)antracen (DhA), dibenzo(a,e)piren (DeP), dibenzo(a,h)piren (DhP), dibenzo(a,i)piren (DiP) i dibenzo(a,l)piren (DlP). Najpoznatiji potencijalni kancerogen, benzo(a)piren, uobičajeno se koristi kao karakterističan indikator za PAH jedinjenja u životnoj sredini. Poslednja preporuka Evropske komisije (The Commission of the European Communities), koristi BaP kao marker kancerogenog rizika i definiše njegov maksimum od 1 ng/m3. Kancerogenost BaP i drugih PAH-ova temeljno je ispitana na eksperimentalnim životinjama. Istraživači su kod životinja zabeležili slučajeve kancera kože, pluća, bešike, jetre i želuca. Studije na životinjama pokazale su da neki PAHovi mogu da utiču na imuni sistem i da izazovu reproduktivne, neurološke i razvojne efekte

The impact of clerestory lights on energy efficiency of buildings

The buildings are among major energy consumers, whose energy efficiency is rather low. Clerestory windows are responsible for a large portion of energy losses from the buildings. The energy efficiency of buildings can greatly be improved by upgrading clerestory and other windows. This paper focuses on the theoretical and experimental investigations on how this can be performed in an old school building in the town of Bor in eastern part of Serbia. For that purpose a modern measuring technique has been applied to identify the existing status, and to compare theoretical and actual conditions

EVALUATION OF A LEVEL OF QUALITY OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS ON HEAVY ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES

The paper considers the solution of scientific and technical problems of increasing the efficiency of the cutting tool through the development of a quality management system during its operation, definition of rational regulations of general machine-building process and the establishment of standards of cutting. The principles of quality management system operation process, in accordance with which this process is aimed at consumers and is considered as a set of processes: organizational, management of resources, maintenance of technological systems , set- information , machining and provide customer feedback (assessment , analysis, improvement) . Output parameters of each process included in the system, are used as input for the subsequent process. Its change allows controlling the quality of the process of operation of the tools