Primers used for the amplification and sequencing of the seven loci evaluated for the <i>B. bacilliformis</i> MLST scheme.

1<p>Corresponding to the complete genome sequence of <i>B. bacilliformis</i> strain KC583 Genbank accession number CP000524.</p

Dendrogram of the 43 isolates of <i>B. bacilliformis</i> as constructed by UPGMA cluster analysis of MLST data.

<p>Dendrogram of the 43 isolates of <i>B. bacilliformis</i> as constructed by UPGMA cluster analysis of MLST data.</p

Phylogenetic relationship of species of the genus Bartonella inferred from concatenated sequences of <i>ribC rpoB groEL</i> and <i>gltA</i> fragments.

<p>The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the NJ method. Using these fragments <i>B. bacilliformis</i> ST1, ST5, ST6 and ST8 are identical to the <i>B. bacilliformis</i> type strain. Bootstrap values (percentages of 1000 replications) above 70% are indicated at the nodes.</p

Characteristics of the seven loci evaluated for the <i>B. bacilliformis</i> MLST scheme.

<p>Characteristics of the seven loci evaluated for the <i>B. bacilliformis</i> MLST scheme.</p

Transmission electron micrographs showing morphology of <i>B. bacilliformis</i>.

<p>Bacteria were grown three days on heart infusion agar containing 4% sheep erythrocytes and 2% sheep serum at 30°C and 100% relative humidity. Cells were subsequently fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate (pH 7.2), epoxy embedded by standard methods, then sectioned and stained with uranyl acetate (UA) and lead citrate stains. Micrographs show <i>B. bacilliformis</i> (strain KC583): (A) from a thin section; (B) applied directly to a grid stained with UA to show flagella. Scale bars represent 100 nm in (A) and 500 nm in (B).</p

Clinical manifestations of Carrión's disease.

<p>(A) Erythrocyte infection during OF, as observed in a blood smear stained with Wright's stain (reprinted by permission from <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002919#pntd.0002919-Hodgson1" target="_blank">[203]</a>). (B) VP lesions on a child in Peru (reproduced from Future Microbiology 4(6): 743–758 (2009) with permission of Future Medicine, Ltd).</p

<i>B. bacilliformis</i> infection of a phlebotomine sand fly.

<p>(A) Female <i>L. verrucarum</i> at 16 h post-feeding with an artificial blood feeder containing human blood and GFP-expressing <i>B. bacilliformis</i> (low-passage strains 14866 and 14868). (B) Light micrograph of <i>L. verrucarum</i> midgut at five days post-feeding on human blood containing GFP⁺<i>B. bacilliformis</i>. Central brown area is residual blood meal. (C) Corresponding UV light micrograph of (B). Note the GFP⁺<i>B. bacilliformis</i> in residual blood meal and elsewhere in the midgut.</p

Scanning electron micrographs of deformin-induced invaginations and pits on erythrocyte membranes.

<p><i>B. bacilliformis</i> colonization of cell membrane deformations is readily apparent. Reprinted by permission from <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002919#pntd.0002919-Benson1" target="_blank">[34]</a>.</p

Genomic structure of seven <i>Bartonella</i> chromosomes.

<p>(A) Chromosomes (Chr) are arranged in size from largest (<i>B. tribocorum</i>) to smallest (<i>B. bacilliformis</i>). Plasmid (Pla) sizes are listed, if present. <i>B. quintana</i>'s genome encodes the least number of proteins (1,142), and <i>B. clarridgeiae</i> has the lowest GC% (35.7%). Several virulence-related ORFs have been used to infer phylogeny (<i>fla – vbh</i>) and black circles indicate their presence in a particular species. (B) Multiple alignment of seven complete genomes using pM. Location, orientation and position of <u>l</u>ocally <u>c</u>ollinear syntenic <u>b</u>locks (LCBs) shared amongst all chromosomes are color-coded and connected by lines. User can analyze location, orientation, and size of LCBs in multiple chromosomes simultaneously (red arrowheads). Local rearrangements, duplications, and inversions are easily identified. Abbreviations correspond to the <i>Bartonella</i> species shown in (A).</p

Appendix A. Table of AICs for all models considered.

Table of AICs for all models considered