Alliance contractual design

Our purpose in this paper is to provide an overview of what we know about alliance contracts. After a short introduction to the contents of alliance contracts, we start by contrasting alliance contractual form and governance form. Next, we focus on two related constructs: contractual complexity and contractual completeness. We suggest that contractual complexity is a more adequate construct to investigate in the absence of information about the transaction contemplated in the contract. After that, we present the measures of contractual complexity used in past studies. Then, we go over the determinants of contractual complexity by considering their influence on contracting costs and benefits given environmental and behavioral uncertainty. Conclusions and suggestions for research are offered at the end.alliance contracts; collaborative relationships; contractual complexity; strategic alliances; cooperation; joint ventures;

Alliance dynamics for entrepreneurial firms

Small firms are thought to encounter various difficulties implementing strategic alliances. Due to these problems, they may be less able to reap the benefits of alliance adaptation, and the changes that occur in alliances over time often will not coincide with the small firm's interests. The evidence we present on contractual renegotiations in alliances suggests that small firms are no more or less likely to experience contractual changes in general. However, small firms tend to bear inefficiencies of two kinds in their collaborations. They are less likely to adapt alliances in the presence of governance misalignments. Furthermore, they are prone to make greater transaction-specific investments without commensurate contractual safeguards, which can lead to ex post hold-up in the form of contractual renegotiations.strategic alliances; entrepreneurial firms; small firms; contractual renegotiation; governance misalignment;

Contractual heterogeneity in strategic alliances.

We investigate firms' alliance design choices by examining alliances as multifaceted contractual forms. The analysis explores the contractual heterogeneity underlying alternative governance structures for alliances, the bundling of different contractual provisions, and the dimensionality of the contractual completeness construct. The empirical evidence indicates that the complexity of collaborative agreements ­in terms of the number and stringency of provisions­ is greater for alliances that are strategically important and that involve high levels of asset specificity. Factor analysis of tetrachoric correlations among eight contractual provisions reveals two distinct dimensions of contractual completeness. Partners with prior collaborative relationships tend to institute fewer contractual provisions for monitoring and control of an alliance. Relative to open-ended contractual agreements, time-bound alliances tend to rely less heavily on such provisions, but more so on safeguards concerning confidential and proprietary information, alliance termination, and the adjudication of disputes by third parties.alliance design; governance structures; collaborative agreements; alliance termination;

Governance changes in strategic alliances: Antecedents of contractual renegotiations

This study provides an empirical investigation of the incidence and antecedents of contractual renegotiations in strategic alliances. We bring together initial conditions based on transaction cost theory and ex post contingencies highlighted by recent conceptual and qualitative research on the evolution of collaborative agreements. The results indicate that firms tend to change the governance of alliances when a misalignment exists between the chosen structure and features of the transaction. Further, we find that asset specificity affects alliance design as well as post-formation governance decisions. Contractual alterations are more likely in the presence of strategic change and when firms employ less extensive ex post deterrents in their alliances. We find no evidence that cross-border ventures are any more or less likely to experience contractual renegotiations than domestic alliances.Strategic alliances; renegotiation

Entrepreneurial alliances as contractual forms

Building upon taxonomical research on interfirm alliances, we investigate the design of entrepreneurial firms' alliances in more fine-grained terms by focusing on the specific contractual provisions that firms put into their alliance contracts. Drawing upon transaction cost arguments, we examine the determinants of the contractual complexity of collaborative agreements in the German telecommunications industry. Further, in order to separate contractual form and governance structure and to compare their antecedents, we also examine factors influencing the choices firms make between equity and non-equity arrangements.entrepreneurial alliances; alliance contracts; contract negotiations; telecommunications industry;

The Relationship Between Relative Strength Levels to Sprinting Performance in Collegiate 100-400M Sprinters

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between relative maximal (1RM) strength (i.e. back squat and power clean) to sprinting performance in 60-400m collegiate sprinters. A secondary purpose was to determine the distribution of athletes within the theoretical relationship between relative squat strength and performance capabilities. Fifty-six (n = 56) male and sixty-four (n = 64) female collegiate track and field sprinters were observed from DI (n = 88) and DII schools (n = 32) that participated in a year round strength and conditioning program. Maximal strength was divided by body weight to calculate relative strength and were classified into one of three categories of strength based on relative squat strength: strength deficit (male and female = 0), strength association (male = 24, and female = 51), strength reserve (male = 23, and female = 5) based on Suchomel’s theoretical model [36]. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was calculated (JMP v.13.0, SAS Institute Inc.) to determine the relationship between relative maximal strength of the power clean and back squat with the performance times of 60-400m sprints. For female sprinters, the power clean and squat were significant correlated to 60m (clean: r=-0.42, p ≤0.017, r=-0.55 squat: p ≤0.001) and 100m (clean: r=-0.55, p ≤0.001, squat: r=-0.51, p ≤0.003) performance times with P-values approaching significant for 200m (clean: r=-0.29, p ≤0.06, squat: r=-0.29, p ≤0.07) times and there was no relationship between relative strength and 400m times. For male sprinters, significant correlations were only found between the squat and 100m (r=-0.43, p ≤0.01) performance and between the power clean and 200m (r=-0.36, p ≤0.04) performance. Our results demonstrate an association of strength and performance in female athletes, but not in male athletes. Suchomel’s theoretical [36] model demonstrating a relationship between relative back squat strength and performance may help explain the results

Polypharmacy and Physical Therapy in the Geriatric Population

Physical therapists are seeing more and more elderly individuals with acute, chronic, or multiple disease conditions. Many of these conditions are treated with medications. It is common for the geriatric patient to be taking multiple medications. Polypharmacy is a relevant concern for physical therapists as adverse effects are often revealed in the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. These manifestations can cause adverse effects in evaluation, treatment, and outcomes. The purpose of this study is to discuss the common non-prescription and prescription medications consumed by the elderly, describe the biologic and physiologic changes that occur with age and how these changes alter medication effects, and to discuss the physical therapist\u27s role in treating geriatric individuals who take multiple medications. The procedure will be a literature review. The study will lead to increased awareness and knowledge of pharmacology in physical therapy. The information will lead to more effective treatment and education for the patient and family

The Path Into Student Affairs: How Undergraduate Experiences Influence Students to Pursue a Career in Student Affairs

The career field of Student Affairs is one that most individuals know nothing about until coming to college when they have the chance to interact with professionals in the field. How exactly do individuals come to be professionals in student affairs? This study looks to answer that question through the examination of nine individuals in various stages of the process into Student Affairs, analyzing their experiences throughout their undergraduate career. Special focus is given to experiences during participants\u27 undergraduate education, influences on their decision to pursue Student Affairs as a career, and how interactions with Student Affairs professionals played a part in their decision making

The Path Into Student Affairs: How Undergraduate Experiences Influence Students to Pursue a Career in Student Affairs

The career field of Student Affairs is one that most individuals know nothing about until coming to college when they have the chance to interact with professionals in the field. How exactly do individuals come to be professionals in student affairs? This study looks to answer that question through the examination of nine individuals in various stages of the process into Student Affairs, analyzing their experiences throughout their undergraduate career. Special focus is given to experiences during participants\u27 undergraduate education, influences on their decision to pursue Student Affairs as a career, and how interactions with Student Affairs professionals played a part in their decision making