Інтерактивний контроль при формоутворенні багатогабаритних деталей

Physical phenomenon of warping (springing) can be observed as a technological heritage after large-dimensional articles forming or curing and consequent cooling of composite articles. This phenomenon can be seen as gaps between ready article contour and forming jig contour. Deviation degree of ready article surface from theoretical contour and article dimensions has to be controlled during manufacturing. Application of auxiliary controlling jig leads to expenses and labor-manufacturability increasing. Possibility of application forming jig with inserted jet gages is considered for articles shape controlling. Such gages and realization of acoustic methods allow to control not only final article shape but also geometry on intermediate stages of manufacturing.Після формоутворення багатогабаритних листових деталей з листових механічних заготовок або полімеризації і охолодження деталей з композитних матеріалів проявляється технологічна спадковість у вигляді викривлення (пружнення). Це спостерігається у вигляді неприлягання готової деталі до формозадаючої поверхні технологічного оснащення. При контролі якості формозміни необхідно вимірювати ступінь порушення форми і розмірів. Застосування контрольної оснастки дорого і складно. Розглянуто можливість використання для контролю формозадаючої оснастки з встановленими в ній повітряними струминними датчиками. Такі датчики і застосування акустичних методів дозволяють контролювати не тільки кінцеву форму заготовки, а й форму заготовки на попередваріантних етапах формозміни

TAXATION -FEDERAL ESTATE TAX-INTERPRETATION OF LOSS FROM OTHER CASUALTY

The Federal Revenue Act provides that losses incurred during settlement of an estate should be deducted when they arise from fires, storms, shipwreck, or other casualty. Losses to the estate of the testator of the petitioner were caused by Great Britain\u27s going off the gold standard. The petitioners contend this was a casualty within the meaning of the Revenue Act. Held, the language is to be construed according to the rule of ejusdem generis. This casualty is not of the same general kind or class as those specifically mentioned and therefore not within the act. Lyman v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, (C. C. A. 1st, 1936) 83 F. (2d) 811

LANDLORD AND TENANT - LIABILITY OF SUBTENANT FOR RENT AFTER SURRENDER OF HEAD LEASE

Plaintiff, as assignee of the original lessor, sued the defendant, sublessee, for rent. On September 3, 1930, the head lease was surrendered to the owner, subject to all subleases. The defendant was in possession until about January 4, 1933. At that time he learned of the surrender and vacated the premises. Held, the lessee\u27s surrender of the head lease to the owner did not terminate either the rights or obligations of the sublessee. The doctrine of merger is inapplicable. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Hellinger, 272 N. Y. 24, 3 N. E. (2d) 621 (1936)

Integrating Grazing with 2,4-D and Florpyrauxifen to Control Broadleaf Weeds and Maintain Red Clover Productivity in Grass-Legume Pastures

In grass-legume pastures, 2,4-D-amine + florpyrauxifen-benzyl controls broadleaf weeds but red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is eliminated. Grazing within a week prior to herbicide application is likely to reduce leaf surface area and may reduce red clover injury and maintain productivity. Experiments were conducted in 2020 and in 2021 to determine if red clover could be productive when 560 g ae ha-1 2,4-D-amine + 6.3 g ae ha-1 of florpyrauxifen-benzyl with 1% v/v methylated seed oil applied in the spring was grazed before or after herbicide application. Grazing timings occurred 6, 4, or 2 days prior to herbicide application, the day of application, or 6 days after application. Grazing timing did not affect productivity or cover of red clover, white clover, forage grasses, broadleaf weeds, or annual grasses. In contrast, aboveground biomass of broadleaf weeds, red clover, and white clover was \u3e55, 56, and 44% less, respectively, in 2,4-D-amine + florpyrauxifenbenzyl treated pasture than nontreated pasture. Less clover and broadleaf weed biomass in herbicide treated pasture was associated with 16% more perennial grass biomass and no changes in total forage productivity. Results suggest that all grazing timings applied with 2,4-D-amine + florpyrauxifen-benzyl provided effective weed control that persisted more than 1 year with only partial injury to red clover populations. Grazing in concert with herbicide applications improves herbicide selectivity of preferentially grazed species, while improved from conventional standards practicality to producers is still unknown

Integrating Grazing with 2,4-D and Florpyrauxifen to Control Broadleaf Weeds and Maintain Red Clover Productivity in Grass-Legume Pastures

In grass-legume pastures, 2,4-D-amine + florpyrauxifen-benzyl controls broadleaf weeds but red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is eliminated. Grazing within a week prior to herbicide application is likely to reduce leaf surface area and may reduce red clover injury and maintain productivity. Experiments were conducted in 2020 and in 2021 to determine if red clover could be productive when 560 g ae ha-1 2,4-D-amine + 6.3 g ae ha-1 of florpyrauxifen-benzyl with 1% v/v methylated seed oil applied in the spring was grazed before or after herbicide application. Grazing timings occurred 6, 4, or 2 days prior to herbicide application, the day of application, or 6 days after application. Grazing timing did not affect productivity or cover of red clover, white clover, forage grasses, broadleaf weeds, or annual grasses. In contrast, aboveground biomass of broadleaf weeds, red clover, and white clover was \u3e 55, 56, and 44% less, respectively, in 2,4-D-amine + florpyrauxifenbenzyl treated pasture than nontreated pasture. Less clover and broadleaf weed biomass in herbicide treated pasture was associated with 16% more perennial grass biomass and no changes in total forage productivity. Results suggest that all grazing timings applied with 2,4-D-amine + florpyrauxifen-benzyl provided effective weed control that persisted more than 1 year with only partial injury to red clover populations. Grazing in concert with herbicide applications improves herbicide selectivity of preferentially grazed species, while improved from conventional standards practicality to producers is still unknown

Effectiveness and Cost of Shrub Removal Methods in Degraded Woodlands Being Converted to Silvopasture

Transforming degraded woodlands to silvopasture is of interest in the Midwestern USA as it increases profitability of farms and benefits animal health. Invasive shrubs within woodlands, however, are a major obstacle to silvopasture establishment. Research was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness, cost and resulting herbaceous canopy light interception of common brush-control methods when used alone or integrated over a two-year timeframe. Five treatments were established in a randomized complete block design. In the first year, treatments were either forestry mowed (mow) or rotationally grazed by goats (goats) at a stocking density of 5700 to 6000 kg per hectare. In the second year, mow and goat treatments were either grazed by goats again or shrubs were treated with a herbicide (herb). These were compared to a non-treated control. Costs of each treatment were calculated based on labor, equipment/supplies, and contracts. Vegetation composition and herbaceous canopy light interception were evaluated the summer after treatments were implemented. Forestry mowing followed by herbicide was the least expensive treatment at $1833/ha, while goats were 72% higher. Light interception by the herbaceous canopy was not reduced by goats, but mowing followed by goats increased light interception such that it was greater than repeated goat grazing (p\u3c0.05). While shrubs were initially impacted by treatments, resprouting resulted in no differences in abundance compared with non-treated controls. Grass abundance was similar in control plots and treatments (p\u3e0.05). Forb abundance remained similar in control and goat-grazed treatments but increased in mowed areas. Costs and effectiveness of multi-year treatments will continue to be evaluated through 2024

Algebraic Properties of Qualitative Spatio-Temporal Calculi

Qualitative spatial and temporal reasoning is based on so-called qualitative calculi. Algebraic properties of these calculi have several implications on reasoning algorithms. But what exactly is a qualitative calculus? And to which extent do the qualitative calculi proposed meet these demands? The literature provides various answers to the first question but only few facts about the second. In this paper we identify the minimal requirements to binary spatio-temporal calculi and we discuss the relevance of the according axioms for representation and reasoning. We also analyze existing qualitative calculi and provide a classification involving different notions of a relation algebra.Comment: COSIT 2013 paper including supplementary materia