Correlations between changes in mood and endocannabinoids and <i>N</i>-acylethanolamines in a pleasant ambiance without alcohol.

<p>A) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), B) anandamide (AEA), C) palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), D) docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA), E) oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and F) stearoylethanolamide (SEA). The figure shows spearman rank correlations with ranked values on both axes of the panels. n = 16.</p

Changes in endocannabinoids and <i>N</i>-acylethanolamines after mood inductions by ambiance and moderate alcohol consumption.

<p>(A) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), (B) anandamide (AEA) and related compounds (C) palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and (D) stearoylethanolamide (SEA). Black bars represent pleasant ambiance with alcohol; white bars represent pleasant ambiance without alcohol; grey bars represent unpleasant ambiance with alcohol; striped bars represent unpleasant ambiance without alcohol. PEA and SEA concentrations are increased 30 min after a meal in the unpleasant ambiance, but decreased after a meal in the unpleasant ambiance (*<i>P</i> = 0.073; ** <i>P</i> = 0.036). n = 16.</p

Postprandial changes in (A) serum free fatty acid and (B) cortisol after mood inductions.

<p>White bars represent pleasant ambiance with alcohol; grey bars represent unpleasant ambaince with alcohol; black bars represent pleasant ambiance without alcohol; striped bars represent unpleasant ambiance without alcohol. Cortisol concentration is more decreased 120 min after a meal with alcohol than without alcohol (*<i>P</i> = 0.001). n = 28.</p

Overview of the experimental procedures during a study day.

<p>Time points are indicated within parentheses. BAC, Blood alcohol concentration; POMS, Profile of Mood States questionnaire.</p

Flow chart (CONSORT).

<p>Adapted from Schrieks et al. (2014) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126421#pone.0126421.ref026" target="_blank">26</a>] under a CC BY license, with permission from PLOS ONE, original copyright 2014.</p

Characteristics of 28 women before intervention.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DEBQ, Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.</p><p>Characteristics of 28 women before intervention.</p

Correlations between autonomic nervous system parameters and subjective feelings (n = 28)¹.

1<p>All values are mean [correlation coefficient (<i>r</i>)] and 95% confidence interval after Fisher's <i>z</i> transformation. Correlations are shown when <i>r</i> = 0.0 is not part of the confidence interval and when <i>r</i>>0.5 or <i>r</i><−0.5.</p><p>Abbreviations: SNS: sympathetic nervous system; PNS: parasympathetic nervous system; SC: skin conductance; HF power: high frequency power; B-BAES, brief biphasic alcohol effects scale; POMS, profile of mood states; PPW: postprandial wellness questionnaire; BT: body temperature.</p

Randomization of the interventions according to a Latin Square design.

<p>Blue: Unpleasant ambiance +3 glasses of sparkling white wine Green: Pleasant ambiance +3 glasses of sparkling white wine Red: Unpleasant ambiance +3 glasses of alcohol-free sparkling white wine White: Pleasant ambiance +3 glasses of alcohol-free sparkling white wine.</p

Influence of ambiance and alcohol on POMS happiness scores (A) and B-BAES stimulation scores (B).

<p>−○− Pleasant, alcohol-free; −•− Pleasant, alcohol; −Δ− Unpleasant, alcohol-free; −▴− Unpleasant, alcohol; - - start alcohol consumption (t = 0). (<b>A</b>) Happiness scores were higher 20 min and 50 min after alcohol consumption compared to no alcohol consumption (<i>P</i><0.001 and <i>P</i><0.05, respectively). Happiness scores were lower in the unpleasant ambiance without alcohol than in the pleasant and unpleasant ambiance with alcohol (<i>P</i><0.001) and in the pleasant ambiance without alcohol (<i>P</i><0.05). (<b>B</b>) Stimulation scores were decreased from 20 min until 50 min after alcohol consumption, which did not occur after consumption of alcohol-free drinks (<i>P</i><0.05 vs. <i>P</i> = 1.0). Stimulation scores tended to be higher in the pleasant ambiance without alcohol than in the unpleasant ambiance without alcohol (<i>P</i> = 0.08).</p

Influence of ambiance and alcohol on skin conductance.

<p>−○− Pleasant, alcohol-free; −•− Pleasant, alcohol; −Δ− Unpleasant, alcohol-free; −▴− Unpleasant, alcohol; - - start alcohol consumption (t = 0). Skin conductance was higher 25 min after alcohol consumption compared to no alcohol consumption (<i>P</i><0.001). Skin conductance decreased more from 25 min until 155 in the pleasant ambiance than in the unpleasant ambiance (<i>P</i> = 0.042). The values shown at time point −5, 25, 55 and 115 are averages of the mean skin conductance levels measured during three succeeding 2 min time frames.</p