Table_1_Water deficit and potassium affect carbon isotope composition in cassava bulk leaf material and extracted carbohydrates.docx

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important root crop, which despite its drought tolerance suffers considerable yield losses under water deficit. One strategy to increase crop yields under water deficit is improving the crop’s transpiration efficiency, which could be achieved by variety selection and potassium application. We assessed carbon isotope composition in bulk leaf material and extracted carbohydrates (soluble sugar, starch, and cellulose) of selected leaves one month after inducing water deficit to estimate transpiration efficiency and storage root biomass under varying conditions in a greenhouse experiment. A local and improved variety were grown in sand, supplied with nutrient solution with two potassium levels (1.44 vs. 0.04 mM K+) and were subjected to water deficit five months after planting. Potassium application and selection of the improved variety both increased transpiration efficiency of the roots with 58% and 85% respectively. Only in the improved variety were 13C ratios affected by potassium application (up to - 1.8‰ in δ13C of soluble sugar) and water deficit (up to + 0.6‰ in δ13C of starch and soluble sugar). These data revealed a shift in substrate away from transitory starch for cellulose synthesis in young leaves of the improved variety under potassium deficit. Bulk δ13C of leaves that had fully developed prior to water deficit were the best proxies for storage root biomass (r = - 0.62, r = - 0.70) and transpiration efficiency (r = - 0.68, r = - 0.58) for the local and improved variety respectively, making laborious extractions redundant. Results obtained from the youngest fully developed leaf, commonly used as a diagnostic leaf, were complicated by remobilized assimilates in the improved variety, making them less suitable for carbon isotope analysis. This study highlights the potential of carbon isotope composition to assess transpiration efficiency and yield, depending on the chosen sampling strategy as well as to unravel carbon allocation processes.</p

Adult production per dish (n = 3) against dietary quality, Experiment 3.

<p>Adult production per dish (n = 3) against dietary quality, Experiment 3.</p

Experiment 2.

<p>Average relative fatty acid composition of diets and <i>Anopheles arabiensis</i> mosquitoes reared on the different diets (typically n = 3).</p

Experiment 2.

<p>Cluster analysis of fatty acid profiles of <i>Anopheles arabiensis</i> mosquitoes fed specific diets, based on Euclidean distance (insert based on Bray Curtis similarity).</p

Experiment 2.

<p>Graphic showing the occurrence of <i>de-novo</i> synthesis or direct uptake as a percentage of the total population analysed. NB. Any number under 100% indicates the fatty acid was not present in all the <i>Anopheles arabiensis</i> mosquitoes analysed.</p

Beta values of multivariate analysis of mosquitoes against diet Experiment 2.

<p>Beta values of multivariate analysis of mosquitoes against diet Experiment 2.</p

Regression analysis of average (n = 3) TBN against TBC, where bubble size represents TBP, Experiment 2.

<p>Regression analysis of average (n = 3) TBN against TBC, where bubble size represents TBP, Experiment 2.</p

Experiment 1.

<p>Total body nitrogen (TBN) versus total body carbon (TBC) of individual <i>Anopheles arabiensis</i> mosquitoes, where bubble size represents the square of the deviation from average wing length.</p

Regression analysis of Experiment 1 data, (linear unless otherwise indicated).

<p>NS denotes not significant at p>0.05 level.</p

Average relative fatty acid composition of diets and mosquitoes (no of replicates given as n in parenthesis).

<p>SLP and BLP stands for Squid and Bovine liver powder respectively.</p