How human practices have affected vector-borne diseases in the past: a study of malaria transmission in Alpine valleys

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Contribution à l étude des moustiques anthropophiles de France ( le cas particulier de genre Coquillettidia )

Les moustiques du genre Coqui//ettidia représentent une nuisance mais sont inefficacement contrôlés, larves vivant fixées aux racines des végétaux en profondeur, à l'abris des traitements. A l'issue d'une vaste étude de terrain, une liste d'indicateurs écologiques caractéristiques des gîtes larvaires à Coqui//ettidia a été dressée pour faciliter leur localisation. La nature des plantes aquatiques et la présence de kairomones (p crésol. acides laurique et heptadécanoïque), le courant, la salinité, la turbidité, la pérennité de la pièce d'eau et son entretien, sont très probablement impliqués dans le choix des gîtes colonisés par ces moustiques. Des tests comportementaux couplés à des analyses chimiques en laboratoire ont permis de déterminer les mécanismes gouvernant la fixation des larves aux racines, dont dépend leur survie. Nous avons mis en évidence l'implication de substances allélochimiques généralistes (glycérol, uracile, thymine, uridine et thymidine) dans la reconnaissance des plantes hôtes par les larves. L' intluence de l'intensité lumineuse, de la teneur en oxygène de l'eau, et de la morphologie des racines sur le comportement de fixation a été démontrée. Enfin une stratégie larvicide adaptée à l'écologie particulière de Coqui//ettidia a été mise au point. Nous avons prouvé que des plantes aquatiques pouvaient acheminer un insecticide systémique, le diméthoate, par voie phloémienne jusqu'aux racines, et libérer des composés toxiques au contact des larves. La fixation est f0l1ement pel1urbée (- 85%), ce qui amplifie l'efficacité de cette stratégie.Coqui//euidia mosquitoes are a major nuisance and are difficult to control, since larvae live in a protected and deep habitat. attached to plant roots for their oxygen supply. The results of a large field study allowed us to inventory ecological indicators of Coqui//ettidia breeding sites, that can help to locate them. Aquatic plant species and kairomones emission (p-cresol, lauric and heptadecanoïc acids), water tlow, salinity. turbidity. persistence of standing waters and impact of human operations must be involved in the choice of the breeding sites by these mosquitoes. Behavioral tests combined with chemical analysis enabled us to identify the mechanisms governing larval behavior of attachment to roots, determinant for their survival. It is proved that generalist semiochemicals (glycerol, uracil, thymine, uridine and thymidine) are involved in the host-plant identitïcation by swimming larvae. Light intensity, oxygen concentration of water and roots morphology are also intluencing larval attachment. Finally, a larvicidal strategy specially adapted to larval Coquillettidia ecology was set up. The capacity of aquatic plants to transport the systemic insecticide dimethoate via the phloem to the roots, and to release toxic compounds in larval surroundings has been proven. The high diminution ( 85%) of larval attachment abilities increases the efficiency of this strategy.GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Phytoremédiation des organochlorés. Etude mécanistique et fonctionnelle des capacités épuratrices du système plante-rhizosphère

Les organochlorés (OCs) -molécules utilisées dans des procédés industriels et en applications agricoles dont la plupart sont interdites d'utilisation de nos jours- sont considérés comme des polluants très persistants représentant une menace pour les eaux de surfaces et souterraines, le sol et l'atmosphère. Des méthodes alternatives de décontamination de sites pollués aux OCs sont développées utilisant des technologies in situ d'écoremédiation. L'objectif du projet de thèse est d'étudier les capacités de phytoremédiation des OCs par deux plantes modèles, Zea mays et Phragmites australis. Les OCs choisis dans cette étude sont, le lindane (gHCH), le monochlorobenzène (MCB), le 1,4-dichlorobenzène (DCB) et le 1,2,4-trichlorobenzène (TCB). Notre approche a été de considérer l'impact sur les fonctions physiologiques des plantes de chaque OC en mono-exposition, puis de comparer ces mêmes réponses physiologiques en multi-exposition. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence un effet synergique de l'action du mélange des OCs. Toutefois, Z. mays et P. australis tolérent des concentrations OCs largement supérieures aux concentrations environnementales mesurées in situ. La phytoextraction des OCs a été démontrée par nos expériences en conditions contrôlées et en utilisant des molécules 14C-OCs. Les OCs sont majoritairement bioconcentrés au niveau des organes souterrains des plantes. Enfin, cette étude montre une adaptation de la microflore bactérienne de la rhizosphère en présence d'un gradient d'exposition aux OCs (multi-exposition). Les approches d'isolement et d'études d'empreintes moléculaires (ARNr 16S, SSCP, pyroséquançage 454) ont permis de détecter des souches potentiellement capables d'assurer une rhizodégradation des OCs.Organochlorines (OCs) -molecules used in industrial processes and in agricultural applications which are prohibited from use nowadays- are classified as very persistent pollutants and show an environmental risk for surface water and groundwater, soil and atmosphere. To restore polluted sites, alternative methods are developed using ecoremediation technologies in situ. The aim of this thesis is to study the OCs phytoremediation capacities using two model plants, Zea mays and Phragmites australis. OCs slected for this work are, lindane (gHCH), monochlorobenzene (MCB), 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB). The work strategy was to compare the effects on plant physiological functions when plants were exposed to each OC (mono-exposure) and to a mixture of all OCs (multi-exposure). This study highlighted a synergistic effect of the OCs mixture. However, Z. mays and P. australis were able to tolerate OCs mixture concentrations much higher than the environmental concentrations measured in situ. The OCs phytoextraction was demonstrated by our experiments under controlled conditions and using 14C-OCs molecules. OCs were mostly bioconcentrated in the underground parts of the plants. This study also demonstrated an adaptation of the rhizospheric bacterial microflora under a gradient of OCs exposures (multi-exposure). The techniques used (16S rRNA, SSCP, 454 pyrosequencing) held to the detection of strains potentially able to provide OC-rhizodegradation.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Lutte contre le Charbon des inflorescences. Du traitement de la semence à la protection de la plante: analyse des mécanismes.

National audienc

An amphibian high fat diet model confirms that endocrine disruptors can induce a metabolic syndrome in wild green frogs (Pelophylax spp. complex)

International audienceA pre-diabetes syndrome induced by endocrine disruptors (ED) was recently demonstrated in the model amphibian Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis and was suggested to be a potential cause of amphibian population decline. However, such effects have not been found in wild type frogs exposed to ED and the capacity of amphibians to physiologically develop diabetes under natural conditions has not been confirmed. This study showed that a high fat diet (HFD) model displaying the important characteristics of mammal HFD models including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be developed with green frogs (Pelophylax spp.). Wild green frogs exposed to 10 μg L−1 benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) for 18 h also displayed several characteristics of the pre-diabetes phenotype previously observed in Xenopus including glucose intolerance, gluconeogenesis activation and insulin resistance. The study results confirmed that metabolic disorders induced by ED in wild green frogs are typical of the pre-diabetes phenotype and could serve as a starting point for field studies to determine the role of ED in the decline of amphibian populations. From an environmental perspective, the response of wild green frogs to different ED (10 μg L−1) suggests that a simple glucose-tolerance test could be used on wild anurans to identify bodies of water polluted with metabolic disruptors that could affect species fitness

The possible role of hydroxylation in the detoxification of atrazine in mature vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides nash) grown in hydroponics

The resistance mechanism of vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) to atrazine was investigated to evaluate its potential for phytoremediation of environment contaminated with the herbicide. Plants known to metabolise atrazinerely on hydroxylation mediated by benzoxazinones, conjugation catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferases and dealkylation probably mediated by cytochromes P450. All three possibilities were explored in mature vetiver grown in hydroponics during this research project. Here we report on the chemical role of benzoxazinones in the transformation of atrazine. Fresh vetiver roots and leaves were cut to extract and study their content in benzoxazinones known to hydroxylate atrazine, such as 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA), 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) and their mono- and di-glucosylated forms. Identification of benzoxazinones was performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and comparison of retention factors (Rf) and UV spectra with standards: although some products exhibited the same Rf as standards, UV spectra were different. Furthermore, in vitro hydroxylation of atrazine could not be detected in the presence of vetiver extracts. Finally, vetiver organs exposed to [[1][4]C]-atrazine did not produce any significant amount of hydroxylated products, such as hydroxyatrazine (HATR), hydroxydeethylatrazine (HDEA), and hydroxy-deisopropylatrazine (HDIA). Altogether, these metabolic features suggest that hydroxylation was not a major metabolic pathway of atrazine in vetiver

How human practices have affected vector-borne diseases in the past: a study of malaria transmission in Alpine valleys

Abstract Background Malaria was endemic in the Rhône-Alpes area of eastern France in the 19th century and life expectancy was particularly shortened in Alpine valleys. This study was designed to determine how the disease affected people in the area and to identify the factors influencing malaria transmission. Methods Demographic data of the 19th century were collected from death registers of eight villages of the flood-plain of the river Isère. Correlations were performed between these demographic data and reconstructed meteorological data. Archive documents from medical practitioners gave information on symptoms of ill people. Engineer reports provided information on the hydraulic project developments in the Isère valley. Results Description of fevers was highly suggestive of endemic malaria transmission in the parishes neighbouring the river Isère. The current status of anopheline mosquitoes in the area supports this hypothesis. Mean temperature and precipitation were poorly correlated with demographic data, whereas the chronology of hydrological events correlated with fluctuations in death rates in the parishes. Conclusion Nowadays, most of the river development projects involve the creation of wet areas, enabling controlled flooding events. Flood-flow risk and the re-emergence of vector-borne diseases would probably be influenced by the climate change. The message is not to forget that human disturbance of any functioning hydrosystem has often been linked to malaria transmission in the past.</p

Phototransformation of the insecticide fipronil: identification of novel photoproducts and evidence for an alternative pathway of photodegradation

International audienc