Characterization of water uptake and distribution in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds during germination by NMR spectroscopy

Experiments were conducted to characterize the changes in water status during imbibition by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in chickpea seeds exposed to static magnetic fields of 100 mT for 1 h. Water uptake during seed germination showed three phases with rapid initial hydration phase I, followed by lag phase II and steady hydration phase III. Comparative analysis of the hydration pattern showed that water uptake was more in phase II and III in magnetically exposed than unexposed seeds. The longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of seed water showed significantly higher values and hence higher molecular mobility of cellular water in magnetically exposed seeds as compared to unexposed seeds. Analysis of transverse relaxation time (T2) revealed a three component of water in germinating chickpea seeds. Interesting observation found in this study was the early appearance of hydration water with least mobility and higher values of relaxation times of cytoplasmic bulk water and hydration water in magnetically treated over untreated seeds. Early hydration of macromolecules, membranes, greater molecular mobility of bulk and hydration water fractions in magnetically exposed seeds may be responsible for quicker germination and appearance of early seedling vigour in chickpea. Activities of enzymes related to germination process such as α-amylase, dehydrogenase and protease were higher in magnetically exposed seeds as compared to unexposed seeds. Moreover, a significant correlation between the relaxation time of cytoplasmic bulk water and the activities of germination related enzymes supported our conclusion that this fraction of water plays a major role in the metabolism of germination process.Key words: Cicer arietinum L., imbibition, nuclear magnetic resonance, longitudinal relaxation time (T1), transverse relaxation time (T2), germination enzymes

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Not AvailableDISCUSSES THE BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON CROP YIELDS AS WELL AS THE SOIL HEALTH OF THE COMBINED APPLICATION OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND ORGANIC MANURES SUCH AS COMPOSTS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, GREEN MANURE ETC.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableDESCRIBES ILL EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND LEADING TO LAND DEGRADATION , WASTELANDS , DESERTIFICATION AND RELATED PROBLEMS . IT ALSO HIGHLIGHTS VARIOUS SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES WHICH INCLUDE AGRONOMICAL , MECHANICAL , AFFORESTATION AND OTHER VEGETATIVE METHODS BY WHICH SOIL EROSION CAN BE KEPT UNDER CONTROL.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE AUTHORS DESCRIBE SOIL AS A PRODUCTION BASE AND EMPHASISE THE NEED OF PROPER UTILIZATION OF THIS MOST IMPORTANT RESOURCE FOR SUSTAINED YIELD AS WELL AS FOR KEEPING THE ENVIRONMENT SOUND AND BALANCED. THEY DEFINE THE SOIL, ITS FORMATION , ITS COMPOSITION , SOIL CHARACTERISTICS , etc EIGHT TYPES OF LANDS ACCORDING TO THEIR CAPABILITIES FOR PRODUCTION HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE ARTICLE PROVIDES INFORMATION ON SOIL EROSION AND PRESENTS DATA ON NUTRIENT LOSSES AS A RESULT OF SOIL EROSION, UNDER VARIOUS CROP, CROP ROTATIONS IN PLANES AS WELL AS SLOPY LANDS. THE EFFECT OF SOIL EROSION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND VARIOUS CONSERVATION MEASURE VIZ CONSERVATION AGRONOMY , CONSERVATION FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION ENGINEERING ARE HIGHLIGHTED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE AUTHOR DESCRIBE SOIL AS A PRODUCTION BASE AND EMPHASISE THE NEED OF PROPER UTILIZATION OF THIS MOST IMPORTANT RESOURCE FOR SUSTAINED YIELD AS WELL AS FOR KEEPING THE ENVIRONMENT SOUND AND BALANCED. THEY DEFINE THE SOIL, ITS FORMATION , ITS COMPOSITION , SOIL CHARACTERISTICS , ETC EIGHT TYPES OF LANDS ACCORDING TO THEIR CAPABILITIES FOR PRODUCTION HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableDESCRIBES ILL EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND LEADING TO LAND DEGRADATION , WASTELANDS, DESERTIFICATION AND RELATED PROBLEMS. IT ALSO HIGHLIGHTS VARIOUS SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES WHICH INCLUDE AGRONOMICAL , MECHANICAL , AFFORESTATION AND OTHER VEGETATIVE METHODS BY WHICH SOIL EROSION CAN BE KEPT UNDER CONTROL.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE AUTHORS ELABORATE THE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES IN RAINFED FARMING FOR MAXIMISING PRODUCTION ON SUSTAINED BASIS. VARIOUS TECHNIQUES SUCH AS CONTOUR FARMING, CONTOUR BUNDING , WATER MANAGEMENT, MOISTURE CONSERVATION, MULCHING , WATER HARVESTING, CROP MANAGEMENT AND ALTERNATIVE LAND USES HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE ARTICLE GIVES AN ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS OF NURSERY MANAGEMENT , ITS PROPER MAINTENANCE INCLUDING THE NURSERY TECHNIQUES , SEED TREATMENT , RAISING OF HEALTHY SEEDLINGS WITH REGARD TO SEVEN MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES SUITABLE FOR AGROFORESTRY , SOCIAL FORESTRY AND GENERAL AFFORESTATION.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE ARTICLE GIVES AN ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS OF NURSERY MANAGEMENT , ITS PROPER MAINTENANCE INCLUDING THE NURSERY TECHNIQUES, SEED TREATMENT, RAISING OF HEALTHY SEEDLINGS WITH REGARD TO SEVEN MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES SUITABLE FOR AGROFORESTRY , SOCIAL FORESTRY AND GENERAL AFFORESTATION.Not Availabl