Changes in the serum levels of the significantly-regulated proteins between COPD patients from Cluster 1 and Cluster 2.

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Main clinical characteristics of COPD patients switching of Clusters between visit 1 and visit 2.

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Characteristics of COPD patients of the COBRA cohort.

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Significant correlations between differentially regulated proteins and the incidence of exacerbations and emphysema in patients with COPD at visit 1.

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Differences in clinical characteristics COPD patients from the MLCC cohort between Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 at inclusion.

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Biological classification of the top 90 proteins enriched in Cluster 2 COPD patients.

Biological classification of the top 90 proteins enriched in Cluster 2 COPD patients.</p

Correlation analyses between the 15 differentially regulated proteins and main clinical parameters in COPD patients of the COBRA cohort.

Correlation analyses between the 15 differentially regulated proteins and main clinical parameters in COPD patients of the COBRA cohort.</p

COPD Clusters are observed in an independent patient cohort, but not in healthy controls.

(A) Heatmap showing levels of differentially expressed proteins in the MLCC cohort. Yellow indicates high expression and cyan indicates low expression. (B) Overlap of the Cluster 2-associated up-regulated proteins (Fold change >1.5 for Cluster 2 vs Cluster 1 and FDR <0.05) between COBRA and MLCC cohorts. (C) Protein score (defined in CORBA cohort) in Cluster 1- and 2 in the MLCC cohort.</p

Methods and supplementary tables.

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Two COPD patient Clusters show differentially expressed proteins enriched for distinct biological pathways.

(A) Volcano plot showing differentially expressed proteins between Cluster 1 and Cluster 2. X axis corresponds to log2 (fold change) and Y axis corresponds to -log10 (FDR). Yellow indicates proteins with significant downregulation and blue indicates those with significant upregulation (Fold change >1.5 and FDR versus Cluster 1, regrouped in three core functions defined as “Immunity and defense”, “Cell fate, repair and remodeling”, and “Metabolism and mitochondria”.</p