Marketing Efficiency of Dairy Products for Co-operative and Private Dairy Plants in Tamil Nadu - A Comparative Analysis

The marketing of milk and milk products by dairy plants of co-operative and private sectors in Tamil Nadu has been compared. The study is based on the data collected for toned milk, standardized milk, full cream milk, flavoured milk, butter and ghee from the selected co-operative and private dairy plants of the Coimbatore district for the financial year 2001-2002. It has been found that the marketing cost for toned milk is same in both the dairy plants , whereas it is higher for standardized milk, full cream milk and flavoured milk in the co-operative dairy plant. The marketing cost has been found less in the cooperative plant for products like butter and ghee . All the dairy products earn more marketing margins in the private than co-operative dairy plant, except for toned milk .The marketing efficiency of cooperative dairy plant for all dairy products has been observed relatively less than that of private dairy plant, except toned milk .The study has suggested the development of co-operative dairy industry in a sustainable manner, the co-operative dairy plants should formulate long-term vision and strategy. The study has observed that value addition in dairy products should be done without compromising the quality and consumer-oriented market research and development should be accorded greater attention .Marketing,

Regulation of polyamine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Polyamines are essential organic cations with multiple cellular functions. Their synthesis is controlled by a feedback regulation whose main target is ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. In mammals, ODC has been shown to be inhibited and targeted for ubiquitin-independent degradation by ODC antizyme. The synthesis of mammalian antizyme was reported to involve a polyamine-induced ribosomal frameshifting mechanism. High levels of polyamine therefore inhibit new synthesis of polyamines by inducing ODC degradation. In this work, a previously unrecognized sequence in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding an orthologue of mammalian antizyme was identified. Synthesis of yeast antizyme (Oaz1) involves polyamine-regulated frameshifting. New elements, termed OFRE (OAZ1 frameshifting repressor element) and OPRE (OAZ1 polyamine responsive element) that are necessary for the polyamines to regulate frameshifting were mapped in the OAZ1 mRNA. Degradation of yeast ODC by the proteasome depends on Oaz1. Oaz1 mediates the degradation by binding to ODC thereby exposing a degradation signal at the N-terminus of ODC. Using the novel transplantable yeast ODC degradation signal (ODS) identified in this work a new possible role of the shuttle factor Rad23 in ODC degradation was identified. In addition, ODS is shown to interact with multiple 19S lid subunits in the proteasome. Using this novel model system for polyamine regulation another level of its control was discovered. Oaz1 itself is subject to ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis by the proteasome. Degradation of Oaz1, however, is efficiently inhibited by polyamines. I propose a model, in which polyamines inhibit their ODC-mediated biosynthesis by two mechanisms, the control of Oaz1 synthesis and inhibition of its degradation. In a second part of the work, peptide aptamers were isolated that inhibit the ubiquitin-dependent turnover of test substrates of the proteasome. These aptamers appear to either inhibit ubiquitylation or the proteasome and thereby lead to a stabilization of test substrates. I Propose that ODS due to its ubiquitin-independent mode of degradation can be used as a tool in aptamer screens that are aimed at identifying additional peptide inhibitors of the proteasome with potential clinical relevance

Fatal pulmonary embolism after degenerative lumbar spine surgery under low molecular weight heparin prophylaxis: A case report

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are uncommon after spine surgery. Increasing age, obesity and prolonged anaesthesia time are considered as high-risk factors for the occurrence of VTE in spinal surgeries. To prevent this fatal complication, many surgeons adopt mechanical prophylaxis like antiembolic stockinet, sequential pneumatic compression devices and early mobilization. Golden hour management of pulmonary embolism is of paramount importance. Even though PE are less commonly described in spinal surgeries, exercising caution on high-risk patients can prevent the catastrophic events. We are reporting a fatal case of pulmonary embolism following the degenerative lumbar spine surgery who succumbed todeath despite the use of mechanical and pharmacologic prophylaxis (LMWH–Clexane-Enoxaparin Sodium)

Anti-hyperglycaemic and Insulin Release Effects of \u3cem\u3eCoccinia grandis\u3c/em\u3e (L.) Voigt Leaves in Normal and Alloxan Diabetic Rats

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (Cucurbitaceae), occurs throughout the world and has intensive popular use in the treatment of infections. The main aim of the present work was to investigate the antidiabetic effects of aqueous extracts of leaves of C. grandis obtained by Decoction method. Graded doses of the aqueous extract were administered to normal and experimental diabetic rats for 10 days. Significant (p \u3c 0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels were observed in the normal as well as in the treated diabetic animals. Serum insulin levels were not stimulated in the animals treated with the extract. The changes in body weight, serum lipid profiles, liver glycogen levels were assessed in the extract treated diabetic rats and compared with diabetic control and normal animals

\u3cem\u3eIn vitro\u3c/em\u3e Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Methanolic Leaf Extracts of \u3cem\u3eTridax procumbens\u3c/em\u3e Against Bovine Mastitis Isolated \u3cem\u3eStaphylococcus aureus\u3c/em\u3e

Tridax procumbens Linn is a tropically distributed medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of this plant was investigated by agar disc and well-diffusion method against bovine mastitis causing Staphylococcus aureus strains. The plant extracts showed inhibitory activity against the tested organisms. Phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids. The study scientifically validates the use of this plant in traditional and ethnoveterinary medicine

Triethyl­ammonium 2,4-dinitro­phenyl­barbiturate

In the title mol­ecular salt [systematic name: triethylammonium 5-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrim­idin-4-olate], C6H16N+·C10H5N4O7 −, the cation and anion are linked by an N—H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, inversion-related barbiturate rings are centrosymmetrically connected through pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming R 2 2(8)R 2 2(8) ring motifs