Polymeric Insulation surface condition Analysis Using Linear Time Frequency Distributions

Polymeric insulator exposed to pollution leads to tracking and erosion affects their performance. There are no specific method to determine their service life. Most studies shows surface condition and their pollution severity of an insulator can be monitor by using leakage current frequency components. This paper presents linear time frequency distributions (TFDs) for leakage current of polymeric insulation for high voltage applications. Tracking and erosion test (Inclined Plane Test (IPT)) complying with BS EN60587-2007 is conducted on polymeric insulation to collect different leakage current patterns. Fast Fourier transforms (FFT) unable to provide temporal information and has limitation to analyze non stationary signal. To overcome this, time frequency distributions (TFDs) shown in time frequency representation (TFR) with temporal and spectral is used. The verification using both methods on several disturbances with known parameters have been made and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) used to identify the accuracy of both methods. The parameters measured are root mean square (RMS), total harmonic distortion (THD),total non harmonic distortion (TnHD) and total waveform distortion (TWD) used to determine the best method to analyze leakage current. The comparison shows that s-transform provide better time and frequency resolution than spectrogram

Development of Hybrid PV Wind Harvesting Energy for Electric Vehicles

The technology of electric vehicles (EV) is conventionally using battery to operate the motor. However it has one major disadvantage on energy storage capacity. Basically the battery needs to be recharged every day at the charging station which usually takes hours to fully charged. In this paper, the concept of battery charging using the hybrid PV-Wind for electric vehicles energy source is presented. The prototype of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy harvesting has been developed to overcome this problem in the most effective way. This prototype will harvest the energy from both PV and wind to recharge the battery in electric vehicles so that the car can travel in longer time and distance. Three experiments have been conducted to analyze the best system namely PV system, wind generator system and hybrid PV wind system. Based on the experiment that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the hybrid PV wind system is the best compared to the other two because the current generated by hybrid PV wind is the highest which is 1A compared to 0.51A by PV system and 0.67A by wind system, respectively. The high current value is significantly means that the time taken to fully charge the battery is faster and this will lead to decrease the time used for the charging process

Development of hybrid PV wind harvesting energy for electric vehicles

The technology of electric vehicles (EV) is conventionally using battery to operate the motor. However it has one major disadvantage on energy storage capacity. Basically the battery needs to be recharged every day at the charging station which usually takes hours to fully charged. In this paper, the concept of battery charging using the hybrid PV-Wind for electric vehicles energy source is presented. The prototype of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy harvesting has been developed to overcome this problem in the most effective way. This prototype will harvest the energy from both PV and wind to recharge the battery in electric vehicles so that the car can travel in longer time and distance. Three experiments have been conducted to analyze the best system namely PV system, wind generator system and hybrid PV wind system. Based on the experiment that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the hybrid PV wind system is the best compared to the other two because the current generated by hybrid PV wind is the highest which is 1A compared to 0.51A by PV system and 0.67A by wind system, respectively. The high current value is significantly means that the time taken to fully charge the battery is faster and this will lead to decrease the time used for the charging process

Photometric measurement for LED roadway lighting at Kuala Lumpur – Karak Expressway

This paper presents the measurement of photometric measurements of LED lighting at Kuala Lumpur - Karak Expressway. The aim of this paper is to comply the photometric quantities of LED roadway lighting with International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standard and Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia (LLM) requirement. This paper has focused on testing procedure for photometric measurement for LED roadway lighting. The DIALux software is used for lux calculation which in turn will assist in all the photometric calculations. It has been proved that the results were complied with CIE standard and LLM requirement

Transmission Losses Allocation in Deregulation Electricity Market

The restructuring of Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) all over the world that started mainly in the 20th century introduces an open electricity market for trading electricity between generators and suppliers in competitive environments. This transformation consists of two aspects that are related with each other; restructuring and privatization. However, due to this change, some problems and challenges have risen. One of it is the issue of power losses allocation. When electrical power is transmitted through a network, it will cause power losses. The generators must compensate this loss by generating more power. Under competitive electricity market environment, no generators would want to generate more to compensate this loss as it will increase their production cost. Logically both generators and consumers are supposed to pay for the losses because they both use the network and thus are responsible for the losses incurred. If there is no specified method to handle this problem, there is a probability that the Independent System Operator (ISO) which is a non-profit entity and does not have source of income will be responsible for this losses. However, if ISO paid for the losses, it is considered unfair. It is the market participants who should cover up the cost of losses. Thus, this analysis focuses on some existing allocating transmission losses and loss cost methods. The selected methods are pro rata, proportional sharing and novel pricing and these methods have been tested using simple bus network and the IEEE standard 14 test bus system

Resistivity Modeling and Analysis under Controlled Environment

All electrical or electronic equipment must have a grounding system to protect and maintain the life cycle expectancy of the device. The ground is defined as a conductive mass of earth in which its electrical capacity at any point is usually taken as zero. Generally, electrode grounding systems are buried in the soil and the resistance depends on the soil characteristics. So, this experiment is carried out to analyze the resistivity of soil using a scaled downmodel. The analysis derived from the experimental work provides a guideline in obtaining low value resistivity for soil

Performance Assessment of Slip Mode Frequency Shift (SMS) Islanding Detection Methods

The awareness concerning of the grid connected PV has become vital and a major concern, nowadays. Islanding detection is one of the most dominant challenges for distribution generation system connected to the main grid. Commonly, islanding is not preferable power systems, because it poses a safety hazard and may cause damage to power generation and power supply facilities as a result of unsynchronized re-closer. To ensure the safety and reliability, there are various islanding detection methods which have been proposed by researchers recently. One of the available islanding prevention methods is the Slip Mode Frequency Shift (SMS) method which is very common and has numerous advantages over others. This paper investigates the active islanding detection methods and specifically has been focused on SMS islanding method. The results show that SMS method is successfully proven to be feasible and reliable to supply the demand load during an unintentional fault. In addition, this method offer a good protection for those being implemented in Malaysia

Feasibility Study in Implementation of Microgrid by using Fuel Cells

Distributed generation or microgrid technology has the potential in reducing the stress faced by most power plants due to constant increase in electrical demand each year. This can help in reducing the need to construct new power plant which mostly requires large area and costly to be built. In this research, the feasibility of implementing fuel cells in microgrid is carried out. The fuel cell and the microgrid simulation model is modeled by using Matlab simulink. Both simulations are done in order to check the suitability of fuel cell stack output voltage which will be connected to the grid whereas this simulation is in ideal form. A 6-bus system network is modeled by using Matlab Power Simulation Analysis Tools (PSAT) in order to evaluate the potential of implementing microgrid in a bus system network. To evaluate the potential, three study cases have been done to this bus system network where a power generator with different power but same voltage is injected to the bus system for each study case respectively. The output of each study case in term of power loss and voltage drop is compared between the study case result and before the microgrid is injected to the bus system network. In the result obtained, the fuel cell stack output voltage after connected to the boost converter and three phase inverter shows convincing output voltage. The implementation of microgrid to bus system network also shows improvement in term of power loss and voltage drop. This means that fuel cells has the potential to be implemented in microgrid whereas microgrid is suitable to be implemented in a bus system network

Deregulated Issues In Electricity Market

This book is written primarily as an introduction to power systems electricity market. It is intended for students in electrical and other engineering disciplines that have interest in deregulated electricity market and issues related to it. The first chapter in this book discusses the basic two electricity market models; Single Buyer Market Model and Pool Market Model. Chapter 2 deals with the issue of congestion cost allocation method for pool market structure. Chapter 3 describes certain aspects to be considered in pricing the unbundled transmission services. Chapter 4 for discusses the issue of transmission losses allocation in electricity market. Chapter 5 discusses on the transmission congestion management assessment. Finally Chapter 6 discusses security cost allocation through game theory