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Not AvailableStudy of shade adaptive traits of understorey crops is of utmost importance for their potential use in agroforestry system. The present study was conducted to decipher shade-adaptive traits through comparative changes in leaf pigments, epicuticular wax level and protein profiles in leaves of green gram and soybean grown in three different regimes of shade (33%, 50%, and 75% shade) and without shade (open sunlight). Chlorophyll a (Chl a), Chl b and total Chl progressively increased, whereas, Chl a/b ratio gradually decreased with increase in shade intensity in both the crops. Anthocyanin, wax level and soluble protein of leaves gradually decreased with increase in shade. Green gram showed higher anthocyanin than soybean in all the light environments. Wax level of leaf in green gram was higher in open than soybean, whereas, it was comparable in 33% shade in both the crops. Wax level of leaf in green gram decreased more in deep shade (50% shade and 75% shade) than soybean indicating more shade resilience of soybean. The rate of shade-induced reduction of leaf protein content in soybean was less than green gram. Protein profiling through SDS-PAGE clearly revealed degeneration of proteins in shade around ~55 kDa which indicated to the RUBISCO (Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase) proteins. Both the crops revealed their shade adaptation mainly through alteration in epicuticular wax, pigments and proteins mostly associated with LHCP (Light harvesting complex protein) complex and towards RUBISCO protein which assume significance for their use in crop improvement programme in searching shade tolerant crops for agroforestry system.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableImportantphotosynthetic traits of sesame (Sesamum indicumL.)werestudied under different regimes of shad~ (33%,50%, and75%of incident sunlight) with control (open sunlight)S. ignificantreductions were observed in the rates of CO2assimilation, Carboxylation efficiency, Thylakoid electrontransportand Water Use Efficiency with increase in shade intensity. Maximum reductions in the photosynthetic traits were noted in 75% shade, followed by50%shade,while a moderate reduction was recorded in33%shadeincomparisonto open grown plants. Shadeinducedadaptationsto low light environment have been reflectedin the functioning of photosynthetic apparatus throughchangingtheir light requirement to saturate the rateof CO2assimilation. Light saturated rate of CO2 assimilation(Amaxw)as obtained at photosynthetic photon fluxdensity(PPFD) of about 1400 1-1mol m-2s-1in both openand33%shade grown plants, wh8reas, these were about8001.1molm-2s.1for the plants grown in 50% or 75% shade. Shade-induced reductions in rate of CO2 assimilationhas been corroborated with the reduction in thecarboxylationefficiency, photosystem-2 (PS2) activity andefficiencyof photochemical reactions. The results wouldbeusefulin developing or selecting shade-tolerant cropsfor semi-arid climate with rc~ource utilization efficiencyNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThe Aonla based Agroforestry system was started in 1996 with a spacing of 10 x 10 m i.e., with average density of 100 trees per hectare. In this field, green gram-mustard cropping system is continuing. In the present investigation, during the summer of 2017, find root sampling was done in the field with the soil core method. The samples were drawn from 6 horizontal space 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3m distances from tree base, Similarly, the vertical distribution of tree fine roots were, sampled from 0 -15, 15-30, 30-45, 45- 60, 60-75 and 75 – 95cm soil depths. It was found that during summer season the fine root length varies from 43.83 cm in 0-15cm soil depth at a distance of 0.5 m from tree base to 2.47 cm in 75-90 cm soil depth at a distance of 1m from tree base. The fine root length density (RLD) varied from 0.046 cm cm-3 in 0-15 cm depth to 0.003 cm cm-3 in 75-90 cm depth. Thus the general trend is fine root length as well as find root length density decrease with depth and also as we go away from tree base, there is sharp decline in fine root parameters. This might be due to the fact that, maximum of the organic matter confined to the surface layers and nearby tree bases. This in turn allowed the fine roots to distribute accordingly. The understanding of fine roots variation gives us to know the biogeochemical fluxes at the face of climate Change and environmental changes.Not Availabl

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Research paper published in book entitled as Agroforestry potentials and Opportunities. (ed.) P. S. Pathak and Ram Newaj.Not AvailableNot Availabl

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Not AvailableIn order to feed the growing population, India has to produce more from the land available in the coming years. This quest for increasing food production with increaseing population pressure is likely to strain hilly and mountain eco-system. Marginal and sub-marginal lands have been brought under plough without taking adequate conservation measures. This has led to degradation of natural resources (land, water and vegetation) causing poor fertility status, soil erosion, low available soil moisture, acidic non-irrigated soil, etc. Thus it becomes imperative that management should be catered by subsequent systems as per the climatic variability resource available includes-agroforestry system, nutrient management strategies with efforts on mulchinguse of locally available materials etc.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAgroforestry is one of the most conspicuous land use systems across landscapes and agroecological zones in India. Agroforestry is addressing the issue of ecologically sound and economically appealing strategies of adaptation and mitigation of climate change, being an intensive, integrated, intentional and interactive, which are creating favorable conditions in term of microclimate modification, biodiversity conservation, soil health improvement, windbreaks and shelterbelts. Scientist, policymakers, agriculture entrepreneurs and farmers need to realize the agroforestry importance in the context to adaptation and mitigation of climate change so that we can address the issues of backwardness in adoption of agroforestry and drawing new sustainable policyNot Availabl

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Not AvailableOur atmosphere naturally contains CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapor, and other gases creating a natural greenhouse effect. But increased concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere have created an imbalance and have enhanced the greenhouse effect causing warming of the globe. Global warming will adversely affect hundreds of millions of people and will pose serious threats to the global food system and to rural livelihoods. Global warming is mainly the result of rising CO2 levels in the Earth’s atmosphere. CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is increasing at greater pace from decade to decade. To assure food security, adaptation, and mitigation to climate change is unavoidable. Many organizations worldwide are working for lowering CO2 concentration through various strategies like reduction in energy use, developing low- or no-carbon fuel, and CO2 sequestration by forestry/ agroforestry and engineering techniques. Agroforestry has been recognized as a means to reduce CO2 emissions and enhance carbon sinks. Agroforestry systems (AFS) offer important opportunities of creating synergies between both adaptation and mitigation actions. Recent studies under various AFS in diverse ecological conditions showed that these systems increase and conserve aboveground and soil carbon stocks and also have an important role in increasing livelihood security and reducing vulnerability to climate change. The potential of agroforestry systems to accumulate C is estimated to 0.29–15.21 Mg ha−1 year−1. The carbon sequestration potential of AFS can be enhanced by stabilizing soil organic carbon through possible mechanisms including biochemical recalcitrance and physical protection and also reducing C losses. Furthermore, effectiveness of AFS to carbon sequestration depends on structure and functions of different component, environmental, and socio-economic factors fied by destructive or nondestructive methods. Implementing agroforestry on farmers’ fields for carbon sequestration will have major challenges which deserve to be addressed in an effective mannerNot Availabl

Agroforestry for Carbon Sequestration in Tropical India

Our atmosphere naturally contains CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapor, and other gases creating a natural greenhouse effect. But increased concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere have created an imbalance and have enhanced the greenhouse effect causing warming of the globe. Global warming will adversely affect hundreds of millions of people and will pose serious threats to the global food system and to rural livelihoods. Global warming is mainly the result of rising CO2 levels in the Earth’s atmosphere. CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is increasing at greater pace from decade to decade. To assure food security, adaptation, and mitigation to climate change is unavoidable. Many organizations worldwide are working for lowering CO2 concentration through various strategies like reduction in energy use, developing low- or no-carbon fuel, and CO2 sequestration by forestry/agroforestry and engineering techniques. Agroforestry has been recognized as a means to reduce CO2 emissions and enhance carbon sinks. Agroforestry systems (AFS) offer important opportunities of creating synergies between both adaptation and mitigation actions. Recent studies under various AFS in diverse ecological conditions showed that these systems increase and conserve aboveground and soil carbon stocks and also have an important role in increasing livelihood security and reducing vulnerability to climate change. The potential of agroforestry systems to accumulate C is estimated to 0.29–15.21 Mg ha−1 year−1. The carbon sequestration potential of AFS can be enhanced by stabilizing soil organic carbon through possible mechanisms including biochemical recalcitrance and physical protection and also reducing C losses. Furthermore, effectiveness of AFS to carbon sequestration depends on structure and functions of different component, environmental, and socio-economic factors. Carbon sequestration can be quantified by destructive or nondestructive methods. Implementing agroforestry on farmers’ fields for carbon sequestration will have major challenges which deserve to be addressed in an effective manner

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