9 research outputs found
Thioalkyl-Substituted Benzothiadiazole Acceptors: Copolymerization with Carbazole Affords Polymers with Large Stokes Shifts and High Solar Cell Voltages
Copolymers of carbazole and 4,7-bisÂ(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole
(dTBT) incorporating thioalkyl (−SR) and alkoxy (−OR)
solubilizing groups on the 2,1,3-benzothiazdiazole (BT) unit are synthesized
and compared. The introduction of −SR and −OR groups
onto the BT unit of the polymer was found to have different effects
on the electronic properties of the polymers as well as the conformation
of the polymer backbone. Large conformational changes between the
ground state (GS) and excited state (ES) geometries of the polymers
with −SR groups led to very large Stokes shifts of up to 224
nm. The polymer with −OR groups was found to have approximately
double the photovoltaic efficiency at ∼4% compared to the polymers
with −SR groups (PCE ∼ 2%). However, polymers with −SR
groups were found to give very high open circuit voltages (<i>V</i><sub>OC</sub>) of over 1 V. Changing the −SR chain
length from ethyl to dodecyl was found to have little influence on
the solar cell performance of the polymer or the magnitude of the
Stokes shift
Dithienosilolothiophene: A New Polyfused Donor for Organic Electronics
We report the synthesis of a novel
pentacyclic donor moiety, dithienosilolothiophene,
and its incorporation into low bandgap semiconducting polymers. The
unique geometry of this new donor allowed attaching four solubilizing
side chains on the same side of the fused ring system, thus ensuring
sufficient solubility when incorporated into conjugated polymers while
simultaneously reducing the steric hindrance between adjacent polymer
chains. The optoelectronic properties of three new polymers comprising
the novel pentacyclic donor were investigated and compared to structurally
similar thienoÂ[3,2-<i>b</i>]ÂthienobisÂ(silolothiophene) polymers.
Organic solar cells were fabricated in order to evaluate the new materials’
potential as donor polymers in bulk heterojunction solar cells and
gain further insight into how the single-sided side-chain arrangement
affects the active layer blend morphology
Effect of Fluorination on the Properties of a Donor–Acceptor Copolymer for Use in Photovoltaic Cells and Transistors
Two novel indacenodithiophene (IDT) based donor–acceptor
conjugated polymers for use in organic field effect transistors and
photovoltaic devices are synthesized and characterized. The effect
of inclusion of two fluorine atoms on the acceptor portion of the
polymer is thoroughly investigated via a range of techniques. The
inductively withdrawing and mesomerically donating properties of the
fluorine atoms result in a decrease of the highest occupied molecular
orbital (HOMO), with little effect on the lowest unoccupied molecular
orbital (LUMO) as demonstrated through density functional theory (DFT)
analysis. Inclusion of fluorine atoms also leads to a potentially
more planar backbone through inter and intrachain interactions. Use
of the novel materials in organic field effect transistor (OFET) and
organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices leads to high mobilities around
0.1 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V s) and solar cell efficiencies around 4.5%
Chalcogenophene Comonomer Comparison in Small Band Gap Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymers for High-Performing Field-Effect Transistors and Organic Solar Cells
The design, synthesis,
and characterization of a series of diketopyrrolopyrrole-based
copolymers with different chalcogenophene comonomers (thiophene, selenophene,
and tellurophene) for use in field-effect transistors and organic
photovoltaic devices are reported. The effect of the heteroatom substitution
on the optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties and charge
carrier mobilities of these polymers is discussed. The results indicate
that by increasing the size of the chalcogen atom (S < Se <
Te), polymer band gaps are narrowed mainly due to LUMO energy level
stabilization. In addition, the larger heteroatomic size also increases
intermolecular heteroatom–heteroatom interactions facilitating
the formation of polymer aggregates leading to enhanced field-effect
mobilities of 1.6 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V s). Bulk heterojunction solar
cells based on the chalcogenophene polymer series blended with fullerene
derivatives show good photovoltaic properties, with power conversion
efficiencies ranging from 7.1–8.8%. A high photoresponse in
the near-infrared (NIR) region with excellent photocurrents above
20 mA cm<sup>–2</sup> was achieved for all polymers, making
these highly efficient low band gap polymers promising candidates
for use in tandem solar cells
Competition between the Charge Transfer State and the Singlet States of Donor or Acceptor Limiting the Efficiency in Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cells
We study the appearance and energy of the charge transfer
(CT)
state using measurements of electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence
(PL) in blend films of high-performance polymers with fullerene acceptors.
EL spectroscopy provides a direct probe of the energy of the interfacial
states without the need to rely on the LUMO and HOMO energies as estimated
in pristine materials. For each polymer, we use different fullerenes
with varying LUMO levels as electron acceptors, in order to vary the
energy of the CT state relative to the blend with [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric
acid methyl ester (PCBM). As the energy of the CT state emission approaches
the absorption onset of the blend component with the smaller optical
bandgap, <i>E</i><sub>opt,min</sub> ≡ minÂ{<i>E</i><sub>opt,donor</sub>; <i>E</i><sub>opt,acceptor</sub>}, we observe a transition in the EL spectrum from CT emission to
singlet emission from the component with the smaller bandgap. The
appearance of component singlet emission coincides with reduced photocurrent
and fill factor. We conclude that the open circuit voltage <i>V</i><sub>OC</sub> is limited by the smaller bandgap of the
two blend components. From the losses of the studied materials, we
derive an empirical limit for the open circuit voltage: <i>V</i><sub>OC</sub> ≲ <i>E</i><sub>opt,min</sub>/<i>e</i> – (0.66 ± 0.08)ÂeV
Photocurrent Enhancement from Diketopyrrolopyrrole Polymer Solar Cells through Alkyl-Chain Branching Point Manipulation
Systematically moving the alkyl-chain
branching position away from
the polymer backbone afforded two new thienoÂ[3,2-<i>b</i>]Âthiophene–diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPPTT-T) polymers. When used
as donor materials in polymer:fullerene solar cells, efficiencies
exceeding 7% were achieved without the use of processing additives.
The effect of the position of the alkyl-chain branching point on the
thin-film morphology was investigated using X-ray scattering techniques
and the effects on the photovoltaic and charge-transport properties
were also studied. For both solar cell and transistor devices, moving
the branching point further from the backbone was beneficial. This
is the first time that this effect has been shown to improve solar
cell performance. Strong evidence is presented for changes in microstructure
across the series, which is most likely the cause for the photocurrent
enhancement
New Fused Bis-Thienobenzothienothiophene Copolymers and Their Use in Organic Solar Cells and Transistors
A new tetradodecyl-substituted DTBTBT donor unit is synthesized
by a specific bis-annulation via Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and
successfully incorporated into light absorbing electron donor copolymers
for OPV and hole and electron transport OFET polymer devices. All
copolymers (DTBTBT-<i>co</i>-benzothiadiazole (Bz), DTBTBT-<i>co</i>-thiophene (T) and DTBTBT-<i>co</i>-thienothiophene
(TT)) show fully coplanar backbones and strong intermolecular interactions.
The DTBTBT-Bz copolymer led to a deep HOMO level (−5.2 eV)
and thus a large <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> value of 0.92 V with
PC<sub>71</sub>BM as electron acceptor and a PCE of 3.7% with a <i>J</i><sub>sc</sub> of 6.78 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> could be obtained.
A hole mobility of 0.1 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V s) has been observed for
the highly coplanar and more crystalline DTBTBT-T copolymer
The Application of Y Series Acceptor-Based Double-Cable Polymers in Single-Material Organic Solar Cells
The
development of efficient and stable organic photovoltaic (OPV)
systems for commercial applications has long been a primary objective.
While single-component material systems have demonstrated promising
operational and thermal stability, their efficiency still lags behind
that of multicomponent bulk heterojunction devices due to limitations
in scarce building blocks, complex synthesis processes, and challenges
in controlling morphology. In this work, we present a novel approach
by introducing a fused-ring electron acceptor as a pendant segment,
which offers new possibilities for the development of double-cable
single-component copolymers. This innovative strategy not only broadens
their spectral absorption but also simplifies their synthesis complexity.
Through careful adjustment of molecular weight, we achieved an outstanding
power conversion efficiency of 9.35% and a minimized energy loss of
0.517 eV, which is one of the best results reported for structure
well-defined double-cable copolymer-based OPVs. Impressively, the
designed double-cable polymers exhibit excellent photo, thermal, and
mechanical stabilities, further highlighting their potential for practical
applications
Isostructural, Deeper Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital Analogues of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) for High-Open Circuit Voltage Organic Solar Cells
We present the synthesis and characterization
of two novel thiazole-containing
conjugated polymers (<b>PTTTz</b> and <b>PTTz</b>) that
are isostructural to polyÂ(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The novel materials
demonstrate optical and morphological properties almost identical
to those of P3HT but with HOMO and LUMO levels that are up to 0.45
eV deeper. An intramolecular planarizing nitrogen–sulfur nonbonding
interaction is observed, and its magnitude and origin are discussed.
Both materials demonstrate significantly greater open circuit voltages
than P3HT in bulk heterojunction solar cells. <b>PTTTz</b> is
shown to be an extremely versatile donor polymer that can be used
with a wide variety of fullerene acceptors with device efficiencies
of up to 4.5%. It is anticipated that this material could be used
as a high-open circuit voltage alternative to P3HT in organic solar
cells