Variations in pockmark composition at the Vestnesa Ridge: Insights from marine controlled source electromagnetic and seismic data

The Vestnesa Ridge marks the northern boundary of a known submarine gas hydrate province in the west Svalbard margin. Several seafloor pockmarks at the eastern segment of the ridge are sites of active methane venting. Until recently, seismic reflection data were the main tool for imaging beneath the ridge. Coincident controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM), high-resolution two-dimensional (2-D) airgun, sweep frequency SYSIF, and three-dimensional (3-D) p-cable seismic reflection data were acquired at the south-eastern part of the ridge between 2011 and 2013. The CSEM and seismic data contain profiles across and along the ridge, passing several active and inactive pockmarks. Joint interpretation of resistivity models obtained from CSEM and seismic reflection data provides new information regarding the fluid composition beneath the pockmarks. There is considerable variation in transverse resistance and seismic reflection characteristics of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) between the ridge flanks and chimneys beneath pockmarks. Layered seismic reflectors on the flanks are associated with around 300 Ωm2 transverse resistance, whereas the seismic reflectors within the chimneys exhibit amplitude blanking and chaotic patterns. The transverse resistance of the GHSZ within the chimneys vary between 400 and 1200 Ωm2. Variance attributes obtained from the 3-D p-cable data also highlight faults and chimneys, which coincide with the resistivity anomalies. Based on the joint data interpretation, widespread gas hydrate presence is likely at the ridge, with both hydrates and free gas contained within the faults and chimneys. However, at the active chimneys the effect of gas likely dominates the resistive anomalies

Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD"</p><p>http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/86</p><p>Respiratory Research 2007;8(1):86-86.</p><p>Published online 26 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2214730.</p><p></p>24 h. Data are expressed as fold increase of IL-8, PGE2 and LTB4 by comparison to basal levels. The findings are illustrative of 5 independent experiments. () LPS treatment (10 μg/ml) of COPD and non-COPD smokers BES for 1, 4, 8 and 24 h. Data of IL-8, PGE2 and LTB4 protein levels are expressed in pg.mg total protein. The findings are illustrative of 4 independent experiments

Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD-8

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD"</p><p>http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/86</p><p>Respiratory Research 2007;8(1):86-86.</p><p>Published online 26 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2214730.</p><p></p>beat frequency was similar in spheroids from both COPD and non-COPD smokers (n = 7) both at basal state (Basal) and after LPS stimulation (10 μg/ml LPS for 24 h) (LPS). () Representative micrographs of untreated (-LPS) and LPS-treated (+LPS) COPD spheroids showing LPS-enhanced expression of IL-8

Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD-6

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD"</p><p>http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/86</p><p>Respiratory Research 2007;8(1):86-86.</p><p>Published online 26 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2214730.</p><p></p>shows bronchial epithelial sheets-derived spheroids. () Circular pseudostratified epithelium with columnar ciliated cells facing outside, and small pyramidal basal cells. Note, the presence of a central lumen. () Cohesive epithelial cells with close interdigitations and cilia facing outside. () Phenotypic and structural characteristics of spheroids were maintained up to 8 days. Micrographs are representative of spheroids obtained from COPD and non-COPD patients (n = 11). , ×10; , ×40,, ×80; , ×800; , ×3000; , ×5000; G, ×800. BC, basal cells; CC, ciliated cells; Cil., cilia; arrow indicates cell interdigitations

Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD"</p><p>http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/86</p><p>Respiratory Research 2007;8(1):86-86.</p><p>Published online 26 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2214730.</p><p></p>ction proteins. Left panels show bright field images. () Anti-cytokeratin 13 antibody (CK13) for basal cells. () Anti-cytokeratin 18 (CK18) for ciliated cells. () Anti-mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) for secreted cells. () Antibodies against intercellular junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin (Occl) and E-Cadherin (E-Cad). Arrows depict staining for ZO-1 and Occludin in the intercellular junctions. Micrographs are representative of spheroids from COPD and non-COPD patients (n = 7)

Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD"</p><p>http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/86</p><p>Respiratory Research 2007;8(1):86-86.</p><p>Published online 26 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2214730.</p><p></p>beat frequency was similar in spheroids from both COPD and non-COPD smokers (n = 7) both at basal state (Basal) and after LPS stimulation (10 μg/ml LPS for 24 h) (LPS). () Representative micrographs of untreated (-LPS) and LPS-treated (+LPS) COPD spheroids showing LPS-enhanced expression of IL-8

Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD"</p><p>http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/86</p><p>Respiratory Research 2007;8(1):86-86.</p><p>Published online 26 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2214730.</p><p></p>residual volume (RV) (), and diffusing capacity for monoxide per liter alveolar volume (K) ()

Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD-7

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD"</p><p>http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/86</p><p>Respiratory Research 2007;8(1):86-86.</p><p>Published online 26 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2214730.</p><p></p>ction proteins. Left panels show bright field images. () Anti-cytokeratin 13 antibody (CK13) for basal cells. () Anti-cytokeratin 18 (CK18) for ciliated cells. () Anti-mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) for secreted cells. () Antibodies against intercellular junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin (Occl) and E-Cadherin (E-Cad). Arrows depict staining for ZO-1 and Occludin in the intercellular junctions. Micrographs are representative of spheroids from COPD and non-COPD patients (n = 7)

Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD"</p><p>http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/86</p><p>Respiratory Research 2007;8(1):86-86.</p><p>Published online 26 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2214730.</p><p></p>n COPD and non-COPD BES. Results are expressed as pg of mediators per mg protein of BES. () Levels of IL-8, PGE2 and LTB4 after LPS stimulation (10 μg/ml LPS for 24 h). Results are expressed as fold increase by comparison to untreated conditions. () Correlations between LPS-induced IL-8, PGE2 and LTB4 fold-increase and postbronchodilator FEV. Results are obtained from 16 COPD smokers (filled rhombs) and 13 non-COPD smokers (open rhombs). Mann-Whitney U test for comparisons between groups. Correlations between variables were calculated by means of the Spearman's rank correlation test