CHARACTERISTICS AND ALOPECIA ACTIVITY OF PAKIS GAJAH (ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA (G.FORST) HOFFM.) GROWING IN GALUNGGUNG MOUNTAINSIDE, WEST JAVA

  Objective: This study aims to determine characteristics and alopecia activity of Pakis Gajah (Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst) Hoffm.) growing in Galunggung mountainside, West Java.Methods: A. evecta was collected, determined and extracted using ethanol 95% by maceration. The extract was characterized based on Farmakope Indonesia method. Phytochemical screening was applied based on Farnsworth's method. Its alopecia activity was determined by Tanaka method on male Angora rabbits.Results: The results showed that A. evecta simplicia had dried shrinkage characteristics of 3.35%; ash content 4.73%; water soluble sari content 20.11%; ethanol soluble concentration 5.94%; density 0.820; pH of extract 5.33; microchemical examination with H2SO4 gives a dark brown color, with 2N NaOH giving a bright yellow color, with the alkaline solution giving fluorescence, with FeCl3 giving a greenish-green color; its chemical contents were polyphenols, flavonoid, steroids, triterpenoids, quinones, monoterpenoid, and sesquiterpenoids. Alopecia activity showed that the water fraction and n-hexane had hair growth stimulating activity and water fraction was the fraction that had the most excellent activity, while ethyl acetate did not have such activities. The alopecia results were compared with minoxidil standards.Conclusion: These results indicated that the water fractions A. evecta had the most alopecia activity on research animal. Our results suggest before it can be used in humans, it is necessary to do further research on the bald volunteers

THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOL EXTRACT, FRACTIONS OF WATER, ETHYL ACETATE AND n-HEXANE FROM MISTLETOE TEA (SCURRULA ATROPURPUREABL. DANS)

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract, fractions of water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane from mistletoe tea (Scurrula atropurpurea Bl. Dans).Methods: Simplicia extracted using soxhlet equipment with 96% ethanol. Fractionation was conducted using liquid-liquid extraction using a solvent of water, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Screening of phytochemical and antioxidant activity was performed against these fractions. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Phytochemical screening was conducted based on the method of Farnsworth.Results: The IC50 values of ethanol extract, water fraction, fraction of ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fraction were 21.92 ppm, 89.57 ppm, 14.08 ppm, and 162.09 ppm, respectively, whereas for ascorbic acid was 4.41 ppm. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction contained compounds were the same group, polyphenolic, tannins, flavonoids, monoterpenoid, steroids, triterpenoids, and quinones. Fraction of water contained compounds such as polyphenolic group, flavonoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, steroids, and triterpenoids. n-hexane fraction compounds contained steroids and triterpenoids.Conclusion: The ethanol extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction showed antioxidant activities. The ethanol extract, fractions of water, and ethyl acetate fraction contained flavonoids and polyphenolic potential as antioxidants.Keywords: Mistletoe tea, Scurrula atropurpurea, Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ascorbic acid

ANALYSIS OF FORBIDDEN PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUINDS IN ANTIRHEUMATIC JAMU

Objective:To determine forbidden (by law) pharmaceutical compounds in antirheumatic jamu.)Methods: Analysis of forbidden  pharmaceutical ingredients into jamu was carried out  by using the color reaction, thin layer chromatography and densitometry. Color reactions included organoleptic, solubility test and the color reaction, TLC using a stationary phase of silica gel GF 254 and a mobile phase of chloroform; acetone (80:20) was then measured with a densitometer.Results: Found from 7 herbal anti-rheumatic known in the market, three of which were synthetic compounds containing paracetamol and dexamethasone additions on one of them. Conclusion: There was a synthetic drug that was added to the herbal medicine namely jamu sold in the community The obtained results suggest that the authorities more intensively to monitor the manufacture and distribution of jamu and herbal medicines Keywords: AntirheumaticJamu, herbal medicine, TLC, Densitometer, paracetamol, dexamethasoneÂ

THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TABLET FORMULATION OF COLEUS (PLECTRANTHUS SCUTELLARIODES) LEAVES EXTRACT USING KOLLICOAT®PROTECT COATING

Objective: The purpose of this study was to find the concentration of weight gain on the use of Kollicoat®Protect to produce coleus leaf extract film-coated tablets with good physical properties. Methods: Coleus extract was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol. Tablet cores were prepared using the wet granulation method, then evaluated (uniformity of weight, size, hardness, friability, and disintegration time). Coated tablets were made in four variations of polymer weight gain, i.e. 5, 6, 7, and 8%. To determine the effect of the weight gain concentration of Kollicoat®Protect an evaluation of the coated tablets was carried out, i.e. the uniformity of weight, size, hardness, disintegration time, and physical appearance of the film-coated tablets. Results: The four variations (Film Coated Tablet, FCT 5, 6, 7, and 8%) in weight gain of film-coated tablets showed the physical appearance results per the applicable requirements. However, the physical observation test at room temperature showed the instability of the film-coated tablet. The qualitative analysis of thin-layer chromatography showed that the productive substances in the extracts, tablet cores, and film-coated tablets were still contained even though they had undergone several formulation stages. Conclusion: Film-coated tablets met the standards of the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopeia. After two weeks, there was slight instability in film-coated tablets at room temperature storage. The extract, tablet core, and film-coated tablet contain flavonoids

Studi Dinamika Molekul Dendrimer Pamam G3 Terkonjugasi Ho(III) DTPA dan Asam Folat pada Suhu 25°C dan 37°C dalam Kondisi Vakum dan Berair sebagai Senyawa Pengontras Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Telah dilakukan pemodelan molekul dendrimer PAMAM G3 terkonjugasi Holmium(III)-asam dietilen triamin penta asetat (DTPA) dan asam folat dalam kondisi vakum dan berair pada suhu 25 °C dan 37 °C dengan menggunakan program ChemBio 3D 12.0. Senyawa ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai senyawa pengontras MRI yang spesifik untuk diagnostik sel kanker dan juga dapat berperan sebagai terapi kanker. Sebelum dilakukan pemodelan molekul dan studi dinamika molekul, terlebih dahulu dilakukan parameterisasi untuk senyawa Holmium yang belum terdapat pada program Chem 3D. Parameterisasi, meliputi panjang ikatan, sudut ikatan, sudut dan konstanta gaya masing-masing. Selanjutnya dilakukan pemodelan molekul dengan program chem draw dan perhitungan dinamika molekul dengan melihat nilai dari kestabilan energi total dan energi potensial. Hasil simulasi dinamika molekul didapat nilai energi potensial dan energi total dari senyawa PAMAM G3 terkonjugasi Ho(III)DTPA dan asam folat yang paling stabil pada suhu 25 °C dalam kondisi berair. Kata kunci: PAMAM, DTPA, Holmium, dinamika molekul, energi total, energi potensial. Molecular modeling has been carried out G3 PAMAM dendrimer conjugated Holmium (III)-penta acetic acid diethylene triamin (DTPA) and folic acid in vacuum and aqueous conditions at 25 °C and 37 °C by using the program ChemBio 3D 12.0. These compounds are expected to be used as MRI contrast compounds that specific for diagnostic cancer cells and also serve as a cancer therapy. Prior to molecular modeling and molecular dynamics studies, first performed Holmium parameterization for compounds that have not been found on the Chem 3D program. Parameterization, including bond lengths, bond angles, angles and force constants respectively. Further molecular modeling performed with the program chem draw and molecular dynamics calculations to see the value of the stability of the total energy and potential energy. Molecular dynamics simulation results obtained value of the potential energy and total energy of the compound conjugated PAMAM G3 Ho (III) DTPA and folic acid is most stable at 25 ° C in aqueous conditions. Keywords: PAMAM, DTPA, Holmium, molecular dynamics, total energy, potential energy

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ACTIVITIES OF ANTI BACILLARY DYSENTRY SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE OF SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM AND DRACAENA ANGUSTIFOLIA LEAVES ETHANOL EXTRACTS

Objective: This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of bay (Syzygium polyanthum W.) and suji (Dracaena angustifoliaRoxb.) leaves against Shigella dysenteriae and the amount of potassium to the discovery of anti-dysentery drug candidates.Methods: Testing activities and comparative value activities performed by the agar diffusion method, whereas the determination of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done with the subculture media incubation test followed with microdilution method on Mueller Hinton Agar medium sterile. Potassium levels of the extract were carried out quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The test results showed that the ethanol extract of both leaves had antibacterial activity against S. dysenteriae with MBC values were in the range of 10-20% w/v. Value comparative effectiveness suji leaf ethanol extract to the bay leaf was 1:0.4. Potassium levels ethanol extract of bay and suji leaves were 1.027% and 3.795%, respectively.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of bay and suji leaves has antibacterial activity against bacteria S. dysenteriae ATCC 13313. Rated comparative activity of the ethanol extract of the suji leaves with bay leaves ethanol extract was 1:0.4 which means to generating resistor diameter equal to 1 part suji leaf ethanol extract equivalent to 0.4 parts of the ethanol extract of bay leaves. The minimum kill concentration ethanol extract of bay and suji leaves ethanol extract was in the range of 10-20% w/v. Both bay and suji leaves have potential as a supplier of potassium in patients with hypokalemia dysentery.Keywords: Bay leaves, Suji leaves, Shigella dysenteriae, Potassium, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Â

OPTIMIZATION OF ACYCLOVIR SUSPENSION: FORMULATING DEVELOPMENT USING NA-CMC AND QUALITY CONTROL OF FINISHED PRODUCTS

Objective: Acyclovir is widely used as a potent antiviral drug to treat viral infections of herpes and varicella-zoster families. Unfortunately, the drug has a very poor oral bioavailability character (15-30%). The purpose of this study was to develop a formulation of acyclovir suspension with a simple suspension method using Na-CMC (carboxymethylcellulose sodium), and to carry out quality control of the finished product. Methods: The formulation was developed by designing variations in Na-CMC concentration and quality control, including pH, viscosity, dispersibility, storage stability, microscopic measurement, sedimentation volume, and evaluation of acyclovir levels. Quality control is to evaluate the suspension in order to obtain good and stable physicochemical properties of the suspension. Results: Design variations of Na-CMC concentrations of 1.4%, 1.5%, and 1.6% resulted in a homogeneous suspension and easily dispersed perfectly. The three formulas did not have a significant difference in the value of viscosity, permeability, and sedimentation volume, which were not significant. All formulas have pseudoplastic flow properties, with good particle size uniformity in the range of 0–13 µm. The stability of pH during storage time was shown by the formula with 1.5% Na-CMC. Conclusion: The acyclovir suspension with 1.5% Na-CMC concentration was the best compared to the other formulas in terms of stability and physicochemical properties

EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON POTASSIUM CONTENT AND ANTI-SHIGELLOSIS ACTIVITY OF KLUTUK BANANAS (MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA) FRUIT FLOUR

Objective: to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the potassium content and anti-shigellosis action of klutuk banana fruit flour. Methods: The klutuk banana fruit slices were heat-treated using a validated oven under varied parameters of 30-50 °C for 15–40 h. Based on its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and the potassium analysis, the selected condition was then applied to the processing of bananas to produce stable flour. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to quantify the potassium concentration after the MIC value was calculated using the microbroth dilution method. Results: The best heat treat for the anti-shigellosis activity with a MIC of 3.125 mg/ml was at 50 °C for 20 h. The amount of potassium in the flour of klutuk banana fruit that had the best anti-dysentery activity was 0.3773 mg/ml or 9.76% of the total potassium content. But according to our research, the lower water content of banana flour caused by longer drying times and higher temperatures had no effect on the existence of antimicrobial metabolites. Conclusion: The potassium gain and anti-shigellosis action of klutuk banana fruit were thus significantly impacted by heat during the flour-processing stage

NATURAL INHIBITOR OF AGRONOMICALLY REPELLENT PLANT TOWARDS CLINICAL ISOLATE OF CHLORAMPHENICOL RESISTANT-SALMONELLA TYPHI

Objective: This study was purposed to determine the most effective inhibition among those repellent plants i.e. The leaves of kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata), kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides), grass teki (Cyperus Cyperus rotundus), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and suren (Toona sureni) towards S. typhi clinical isolate. Methods: The ethanolic extracts of sixt plants were obtained by maceration method using 70% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was done using the standard methods as described by Farnsworth. The inhibition of the repellent leaves ethanolic extracts to chloramphenicol resistant-S. typhi clinical isolate assayed using the agar diffusion method and statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Duncan test. The most potential plant was further determined by investigating the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value using the microdilution test. Results: As the result, all ethanolic leaves extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, except that tannins were not found in C. rotundus and A. conyzoides. However, all extracts had the activity to inhibit the growth of S. typhi. T. sureni leaves extract evidently showed the strongest inhibition with MIC value in the range of 1.5625<x≤3.125 mg/ml and the MBC value in the range of 6.25<x≤12.5 mg/ml. The ratio of MBC/MIC≤4, thus, T. sureni leaf extract may be classified as a strong bactericidal agent. Conclusion: In summary, T. sureni extract leaves achieved the most appreciable value of MIC MBC and considered as the bactericidal agent which has strong potential to be a novel anti-typhoid fever agent

DESIGN OF HYDROQUINONE INDICATOR STRIP BASED ON POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE (PMMA) FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROQUINONE IN WHITENING COSMETICS: CASE STUDY IN BANDUNG INDONESIA

Objective: The objective of this research was to developing an indicator strips made from polymer polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to detect hydroquinone in whitening cosmetics.Methods: The strips were prepared by reagent blending method with a polymer PMMA that mixed with a chemical reagent for hydroquinone based on chemical structure: ferric chloride (FeCl3), Benedict, and ammoniacal silver nitrate. PMMA were varied with concentrations of 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The ratios of ethyl acetate and the reagents were off 6:4; 7:3; and 8:2.Results: The results showed that the following concentration was an optimum mixture of chemical reagent-polymer and ethyl acetate FeCl3-PMMA 7.5% 7:3; benedict-PMMA 5% 6:4; and ammoniacal silver nitrate-PMMA 5% 7:3. 22 samples of whitening cream were not contained hydroquinone based on strip indicator analysis. These results are appropriate with a confirmatory test using UV spectrophotometry and thin layer chromatography. The indicator strips showed a positive result in detect the samples that had been spiked by hydroquinone but has a limitation when applied to cream dosage forms. The limit of detection (LOD) and stability of the indicator strip FeCl3-PMMA 7.5% 7:3 was 20.05 mg/l and stable up to 157 d, Benedict-PMMA 5% 6: 4 was 0177 mg/l and stable up to 123 d, and ammoniacal silver nitrate-PMMA 5% 7:3 was 0.025 mg/l and stable up to 174 d. The selectivity test results showed that indicator strip did not give false positive results.Conclusion: Based on the tests, the indicator strip has limitations to detect hydroquinone in whitening cream cosmetics that required further modifications to the detection process.Keywords: Hydroquinone, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Indicator strip, Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA