Government spending, growth and poverty: an analysis of interlinkages in rural India

Poverty in rural India has declined substantially in recent decades. This steady decline in poverty was strongly associated with agricultural growth, particularly the green revolution, which in turn was a response to massive public investments in agriculture and rural infrastructure. Public investment in rural areas has also benefitted the poor through its impact on the growth of the rural non-farm economy, and government expenditure on rural poverty and employment programs,which has grown rapidly, has directly benefitted the rural poor. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of the decline in rural poverty in India, and particularly to disentangle the specific role that government investments have played. We seek to quantify the effectiveness of different types of government expenditures in contributing to poverty alleviation. The study uses state level data for 1970 to 1993 to estimate an econometric model that permits calculation of the number of poor people raised above the poverty line for each additional million rupees spent on different expenditure items. The model is also structured to enable identification of the different channels through which different types of government expenditures impact on the poor. But targeting government expenditures simply to reduce poverty is not sufficient. Government expenditures also need to stimulate economic growth. The model is therefore formulated so as to measure the growth as well as the poverty impact of different items of government expenditure. The results from our model show that government spending on productivity enhancing investments, such as agricultural R&D and irrigation, rural infrastructure (including roads and electricity), and rural development targeted directly on the rural poor, have all contributed to reductions in rural poverty, and most have also contributed to growth in agricultural productivity.Employment (Economic theory) India., Poverty., Rural poor India., Public investment., Agricultural development.,

ATLBS Extended Source Sample: The evolution in radio source morphology with flux density

Based on the ATLBS survey we present a sample of extended radio sources and derive morphological properties of faint radio sources. 119 radio galaxies form the ATLBS-Extended Source Sample (ATLBS-ESS) consisting of all sources exceeding 30" in extent and integrated flux densities exceeding 1 mJy. We give structural details along with information on galaxy identifications and source classifications. The ATLBS-ESS, unlike samples with higher flux-density limits, has almost equal fractions of FR-I and FR-II radio galaxies with a large fraction of the FR-I population exhibiting 3C31-type structures. Significant asymmetry in lobe extents appears to be a common occurrence in the ATLBS-ESS FR-I sources compared to FR-II sources. We present a sample of 22 FR-Is at z>0.5 with good structural information. The detection of several giant radio sources, with size exceeding 0.7 Mpc, at z>1 suggests that giant radio sources are not less common at high redshifts. The ESS also includes a sample of 28 restarted radio galaxies. The relative abundance of dying and restarting sources is indicative of a model where radio sources undergo episodic activity in which an active phase is followed by a brief dying phase that terminates with restarting of the central activity; in any massive elliptical a few such activity cycles wherein adjacent events blend may constitute the lifetime of a radio source and such bursts of blended activity cycles may be repeated over the age of the host. The ATLBS-ESS includes a 2-Mpc giant radio galaxy with the lowest surface brightness lobes known to date.Comment: 69 pages, 119 figures, 4 tables, to appear in ApJ

Formulation and evaluation of Lornoxicam loaded Lyotropic liquid crystalline gel

GIT irritation is prominent limitation with the use of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s). There is rising interest in designing formulations which will deliver the drug at the site of action as topical gels, to avoid GIT irritation and other systemic side effects. Liquid Crystal phase has emerged as a novel material for the preparation of topical drug delivery system. In present study the attempt is made to prepare Lornoxicam loaded lyotropic liquid crystalline gel using glycerol monooleate. Glycerol monooleate is biocompatible, bioadhesive, penetration enhancer and sustain release agent. It also promotes ceramide extraction and enhancement of lipid fluidity in the stratum corneum region of the skin. Five formulation of lornoxicam were prepared and evaluated for parameters like drug content, viscosity, spreadability, Extrudability In-vitro drug release along with in vivo study.  In-Vitro and Ex-Vivo drug release kinetics showed that there was 72.85% and 77.98% drug release within 48 hrs. Skin irritation test suggested that prepared formulation was safe for human use. In-Vivo evaluation of this formulation was done by carrageenan induced rat paw edema anti-inflammatory model. Keywords: Lornoxicam, GMO, Lyotropic liquid crystal, Anti-Inflammatory, Topical drug deliver

Optimization of WSN using Biological Inspired Self-Organized Secure Autonomous Routing Protocol

Since last three decade, Wireless Sensor Network is one of the biggest innovative technologies; it provides facility of heavy data traffic and management telecommunication by sensing, computation and communication into a small device. Main threat for this type of data transfer is data security in terms of maintains data integrity, high consumption of energy, end-to-end delay and high cost of nodes i.e. sensor. Handling all h issue at same time is the difficult task. SRTLD and BIOSARP are two routing protocol which helps in improving performance of the WSN. This paper is a detail description of secure architecture which is based on SRTLD and BIOSARP protocol. The main objective of this architecture is to provide high security by taking into account low energy consumption, low end-to-end delay and low node level cost. This mechanism uses concept of ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) which helps in achieving objective of the architectur

Accuracy Optimization of Centrality Score Based Community Detection

Various concepts can be represented as a graph or the network. The network representation helps to characterize the varied relations between a set of objects by taking each object as a vertex and the interaction between them as an edge. Different systems can be modelled and analyzed in terms of graph theory. Community structure is a property that seems to be common to many networks. The division of the some objects into groups within which the connections or relations are dense, and the connections with other objects are sparser. Various research and data points proves that many real world networks has these communities or groups or the modules that are sub graphs with more edges connecting the vertices of the same group and comparatively fewer links joining the outside vertices. The groups or the communities exhibit the topological relations between the elements of the underlying system and the functional entities. The proposed approach is to exploit the global as well as local information about the network topologies. The authors propose a hybrid strategy to use the edge centrality property of the edges to find out the communities and use local moving heuristic to increase the modularity index of those communities. Such communities can be relevantly efficient and accurate to some applications. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15073

Multi-Communication System for Physically Disabled PeopleUsing Raspberry Pi

Today to lead our life we needed to keep running with our quick materialistic world. We express our considerations, by speaking with various individuals in various languages and in various ways Therefore there effectively. In any case, it is troublesome for physically incapacitated individuals, for example, for example, dump, hard of hearing, visually impaired and deadened to express their considerations and thoughts. Is a need to develop such a concrete solution for physically disabled people which will results as a better communication media for them. The designed system resolves the said problems. (1) Dump people can express their thoughts by pressing keyboard buttons (2) When blind/deaf person speaks, Raspberry pi based device converts it into text and displays on screen. (3) The paralyzed people by wearing flex sensor glove can express their thoughts through feasible figure movement. All these activities are possible with a unique embedded system using raspberry pi and disabled people can lead their life peacefully and independently through smooth communication of their ideas and thoughts with their family members, friends and society

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ION-SENSITIVE IN-SITU NASAL GEL OF ZOLMITRIPTAN

In situ gel system is novel drug delivery system in which there is transition of sol to gel on external stimuli like change in pH, temperature or change in ion concentration (sol-gel transition). In the present study various formulations were prepared by using gellan gum as gelling agent and HPMC K100 as controlled or sustained release polymer. All the formulations were evaluated for various parameters like pH, viscosity, drug content, gel strength, mucoadhesive strength and drug release. At minimum concentration of polymer lose their integrity and at maximum concentration stiff gel were formed. At optimized concentration of gelling agent and HPMC K100 showed in situ gelling with all parameter in range. In Vitro release data revealed that the optimized formulation showed controlled and sustained drug release pattern. The optimized formulation also obeyed korsmer Peppas model equation and which showed the release exponent n value 0.765. Thus the ex vivo higher bioavailability can be expected from the optimized formulation.Â

Small Carnivores of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve, Karnataka, India

During the present study in Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve (BRT), nine species of small carnivores viz., Jungle Cat Felis chaus, Rusty-spotted Cat Prionalilurus rubiginosus, Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis, Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica, Asian Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Striped-necked Mongoose Herpestes vitticollis, Ruddy Mongoose Herpestes smithii, Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii and Smooth-coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata, were recorded using camera-trapping technique, transect walks, and night surveys. Vegetation type strongly influences the presence and abundance of each species. The most sightings of small carnivores occurred in dry deciduous forests. Among all the species, the Asian Palm Civet was the most abundant and was followed by the small Indian Civet. Compared to many other forests or regions in India, the sight records of the Rusty-spotted Cat were relatively higher in BRT. Although we were unable to use statistical methods to search for higher levels of interdependencies between forest types and small carnivore abundance, our study sheds light on patterns of small carnivore distribution in this unique habitat which bridges the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats