Fold-change for geometric mean of CP Ag+ group compared to others, with (unadjusted) 95% confidence intervals (CI).

<p>Fold-change for geometric mean of CP Ag+ group compared to others, with (unadjusted) 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p

Characteristics of the study population.

*<p>CFA values are determined by the Og4C3 ELISA and 32 IU was the threshold of detection in the assay.</p

Holm's adjusted p-values from Linear Models, No Age Effect, n = sample size.

<p>Holm's adjusted p-values from Linear Models, No Age Effect, n = sample size.</p

Filarial lymphedema is associated with elevated levels of acute phase proteins.

<p>Plasma levels of CRP, Haptoglobin, SAA and α-2 macroglobulin from asymptomatic infected [INF] individuals; filarial lymphedema individuals with active infection [CP Ag+]; filarial lymphedema individuals without active infection [CP Ag−] and endemic normal [EN] individuals were measured by ELISA. Data are shown as scatter plots with the bar representing the geometric mean.</p

Filarial lymphedema is associated with elevated levels of LPS.

<p>Plasma levels of LPS, LBP, EndoCAb and sCD14 from asymptomatic infected [INF] individuals; filarial lymphedema individuals with active infection [CP Ag+]; filarial lymphedema individuals without active infection [CP Ag−] and endemic normal [EN] individuals were measured by ELISA and immunoassays. Data are shown as scatter plots with the bar representing the geometric mean.</p

Filarial lymphedema is associated with elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines.

<p>Plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α from asymptomatic infected [INF] individuals; filarial lymphedema individuals with active infection [CP Ag+]; filarial lymphedema individuals without active infection [CP Ag−] and endemic normal [EN] individuals were measured by ELISA. Data are shown as scatter plots with the bar representing the geometric mean.</p

Heatmap depicting circulating microbial products, acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines in CP Ag+ individuals compared to EN, INF and CP Ag− individuals.

<p>Data (and scale) are log10 geometric mean fold change from EN for each of the analytes measured for each of the groups.</p

Correlation between circulating microbial products and inflammatory cytokines in filarial infected individuals.

<p>(A) Plasma levels of LPS were correlated with the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α from individuals with active infection [CP Ag+ and INF (<i>n</i> = 108–112)]. (B) Plasma levels of LBP were correlated with the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α from individuals with active infection [CP Ag+ and INF (<i>n</i> = 108–112)]. P and r values were calculated using the Spearman Rank correlation test. Data are shown as scatter plots with the circles representing INF and the triangles representing CP Ag+ individuals.</p

Treatment of filarial infection is associated with significantly enhanced cytokine responses to TLR2 and TLR9 ligands in latent TB patients.

<p>PBMC from PPD⁺Fil⁺ (<i>n</i> = 9) patients, pre and post treatment, were stimulated with ligands for TLR2 (Pam3Cys) (A), TLR9 (ODN) (B), or TLR4 (LPS) (C) for 24 hours, and IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p70, and IFN-γ cytokine levels were measured. Results are shown as net cytokine production over media control. P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. (D) The correlation between the decrease in circulating filarial antigen levels and the increase in TNF-α and IFN-γ levels in patients with both lymphatic filariasis and latent TB following antifilarial treatment. P values were calculated using the Spearman rank test.</p

Filarial infection is associated with diminished cytokine responses to TLR2 and TLR9 ligands in latent TB patients.

<p>PBMC from PPD⁺Fil⁻ (<i>n</i> = 9) and PPD⁺Fil⁺ (<i>n</i> = 9) patients were stimulated with TLR2 ligand (Pam3Cys) (A) or TLR9 ligand (ODN) (B) or TLR4 ligand (LPS) (C) for 24 hours, and IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p70, and IFN-γ cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. Results are shown as net cytokine production over media control. P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test.</p