A STUDY ON FOUR SQUARE THEOREM

The four square theorem was proved by Lagrange in 1770; every positive integer is the sum of four squares. i.e, n=A2+B2+C2+D2, where, A,B,C,D ϵ z An interesting proof is presented here based on Hurwitz integers, a subset of Quarternions which act like integers in four dimension and have the prime divisor propert

DUAL – HESITANT FUZZY TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM

So on handle inexact, tentative or partial information and knowledge circumstances in factual-life operational investigate predicaments dual-hesitant fuzzy set is applied. during this work a totally unique method called Allocation Table Method (ATM) for solving dual-hesitant fuzzy transportation problem is introduced. This method is explained with a numerical example and thus the result obtained through this method is compared with the prevailing method (VAM). This proposed method gives an optimum solution as compared with other metho

Early Japanese Literature from Kojiki to Kaifuso: Subject Matter and Compilation

This paper attempts to introduce the early Japanese literature, historically. In this attempt, it covers the early modes of writing Japanese literature, use of Chinese for writing Japanese literature/history, the creation of Kana script system and its subsequent usage by the later writers. The paper deals with the emergence of early canonical literary works such as ‘Kojiki’, ‘Nihonshouki’, ‘Fudoki’, and ‘Kaifuso’, their subject matter and modes of compilation. It also discusses the existing comparative literary research undertaken so far to provide an idea for further work in this area. And this paper excludes the canonical text, ‘Manyoshu’ as there are a plenty of scholarly works and a direct translation of Volume ten of Manyoshu already available in Tamil

A STUDY ON PELL EQUATION

Pell equation (alternatively called the Pell- Fermat equation) is a type of a Diophantine equation of the form 2 -Dye 2 =1 for a natural number D. If D is a perfect square, then pell equation can be rewritten as y).(x+√y) = 1.similarly, the trivial solution (x,y) = (0,1) is not very interesting. Therefore it is often assumed that D is not a square and only nontrivial solution (non zero pairs of integers) are considered

TRAVELLING SALESMAN PROBLEM

Travelling salesman problem can be modeled as graph where as the cities are the graph vertices, path is graph edges and path distance is edge distance. Our goal is to seek out the shortest tour that visits each city during a given graph exactly ones then return to the starting cit

GRAPH AND TREE TRANVERSAL

Graph representation in computers has always been a hot topic thanks to the amount of applications that directly enjoy graphs. Multiple methods have emerged in computing to represent graphs in numerical/logical formats; most current business applications also rely heavily on relational databases as a primary source of storing information

Portable Camera Based Assistive Pattern Recognition for Visually Challenged Persons

Choosing clothes, food recognition and traffic signal analysis are major challenges for visually impaired persons. The existing automatic clothing pattern recognition is also a challenging research problem due to rotation, scaling, illumination, and especially large intra class pattern variations. This project, a camera based assistive framework is proposed to help blind persons for identification of food pattern, clothe pattern and colors in their daily lives. The existing traffic signal using sensors method is difficult to analysis and many components used. A camera based traffic signal analysis method easy to handle, to provide clear traffic signal analysis and reduce the time delay. The system contains the following major components 1) a camera for capturing clothe, food and traffic signal images, a microphone for speech command input; 2) data capture and analysis to perform command control, recognize clothe patterns, food patterns and traffic signal identification by using a wearable computer and 3) a speaker to provide the name of audio outputs of clothe patterns and colors, food patterns and traffic signal analysis, as well as system status. To handle the large intra class variations, a novel descriptor, Radon Signature is proposed to capture the global directionality of clothe patterns, food patterns and traffic signal analysis. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach CCNY clothes Pattern dataset is used. Our approach achieves 92.55% recognition to improve the life quality, do not depend others. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15032

A Study on the Efficiency of Whey Water Pretreated Parthenium Hysterophorus L. as Potential Feedstock

Among several technologies the anaerobic digestion technology has been proved to be viable and emerged as a promising technology in India, as it requires less capital investment and per unit production cost, as compared to other renewable energies. Mass utilization of Parthenium hysterophorus biomass and environmental friendly synthesis of bioproduct-methane which is of high demand through a biomethanization is a promising approach. Biogas, a product of biomethanization process of organic substrate carried out by a consortium of microorganisms and depends on various factors like pH, temperature, C/N ratio, hydraulic retention time etc. Thus, there is a need to improve the overall efficiency of anaerobic digestion process in the biogas plants. This could be achieved by optimizing several methods such as the various operational parameters, the nutritional requirements of microbes, the pretreatment protocols, the feedstock proportions etc. Crop biomass mainly consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, which act as limitating factors in the process of methanation. Therefore, need for pretreatment protocols to remove the various limitations and to achieve optimized gas production are dealt in the present study. The general process of applying pretreatment is to increase biodegradability and bioavailability of digested materials thus enhancing biogas production in further anaerobic process. For pretreatment of certain type of biomass, the choice of pretreatment technique has to be more efficient both in terms of economical and environmental aspects. Pretreatment has been recognized as one of the most expensive processing steps in conversion of cellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars and at the same time a very crucial step for the biological conversion of plant source into methane. The overall goal of the pretreatment routes being designed and developed is to convert the plant’s raw lignocellulosic sugars in an environmentally sustainable way. Thus in this study, the feasibility of utilizing Parthenium as potential feedstock was examined by using whey water pretreatment protocol. The results obtained with respect to that of C/N ratio, C/P ratio, lignin and holocellulose showed a significant change when compared to the untreated Parthenium biomass

Outage Probability of Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) Systems with Delayed Feedback

We investigate the effect of feedback delay on the outage probability of multiple-input single-output (MISO) fading channels. Channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) is a delayed version of the channel state information available at the receiver (CSIR). We consider two cases of CSIR: (a) perfect CSIR and (b) CSI estimated at the receiver using training symbols. With perfect CSIR, under a short-term power constraint, we determine: (a) the outage probability for beamforming with imperfect CSIT (BF-IC) analytically, and (b) the optimal spatial power allocation (OSPA) scheme that minimizes outage numerically. Results show that, for delayed CSIT, BF-IC is close to optimal for low SNR and uniform spatial power allocation (USPA) is close to optimal at high SNR. Similarly, under a long-term power constraint, we show that BF-IC is close to optimal for low SNR and USPA is close to optimal at high SNR. With imperfect CSIR, we obtain an upper bound on the outage probability with USPA and BF-IC. Results show that the loss in performance due to imperfection in CSIR is not significant, if the training power is chosen appropriately.Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Communications Jan 2007, Revised Jun 2007, Revised Nov 200

A Modified Frame Difference Method Using Correlation Coefficient for Background Subtraction

AbstractBackground subtraction is one of the most important step in video surveillance which is used in a number of real life applications such as surveillance, human machine interaction, optical motion capture and intelligent visual observation of animals, insects. Background subtraction is one of the preliminary stages which are used to differentiate the foreground objects from the relatively stationary background. Normally a pixel is considered as foreground if its value is greater than its value in the reference image. Hence, every pixel has to be compared to find the foreground and background pixel. This paper presents a technique which improves the frame difference method by first classifying the blocks in the frame as background and others using correlation coefficient. Further refinement is performed by performing pixel-level classification on blocks which are not considered as background. Experiments are conducted on standard data-sets and the performance measures shows good results in some critical conditions