Additional file 7 of Serotonin acts through YAP to promote cell proliferation: mechanism and implication in colorectal cancer progression

Additional file 6. Figure S5. Morphological changes of intestinal mucosa structures in mice. A HE staining showed intestinal mucosa structures in experimental mice of indicated groups (200×). B YAP expression in colorectal carcinoma tissues of indicated group of mice was analysed by immunohistochemistry (200×)

Additional file 5 of Serotonin acts through YAP to promote cell proliferation: mechanism and implication in colorectal cancer progression

Additional file 4. Figure S3. LC-MS/MS detected cytoplasmic 5-HT in colon cancer cells. Cytoplasmic 5-HT is observable in colon cancer cells following 5-HT stimulation. Subsequently, LC–MS/MS identified a prominent dissociative peak at 1.49 min in both SW480 and SW1116 cell lysates after 10 μM 5-HT stimulation, similar to the standard

Additional file 2 of Serotonin acts through YAP to promote cell proliferation: mechanism and implication in colorectal cancer progression

Additional file 1. Table S1. The sequences of primers for siRNA and qPCR

Additional file 6 of Serotonin acts through YAP to promote cell proliferation: mechanism and implication in colorectal cancer progression

Additional file 5. Figure S4. Colocalization of 5-HT and RhoA in colon cancer cells. Immunofluorescence was performed to show that the co-expression of 5-HT and RhoA in SW480 and SW1116 cells stimulated with 10 μM 5-HT in the absence and presence of citalopram (100 μM), added 2 h before 5-HT stimulation (400×)

Additional file 4 of Serotonin acts through YAP to promote cell proliferation: mechanism and implication in colorectal cancer progression

Additional file 3. Figure S2. GPCR has not affected YAP expression in colon cancer cells. A Subtypes of GPCR in SW480 and SW1116 cells were knocked down by transfecting small interfering RNAs; a western blot was used to analyse YAP and Cyr61 expression in cells treated with 10 μM 5-HT. **, P < 0.01. B Hela cells were stimulated with 10 μM 5-HT after transfection with hSERT pcDNA3 vector, and YAP expression was analysed by western blot

Additional file 3 of Serotonin acts through YAP to promote cell proliferation: mechanism and implication in colorectal cancer progression

Additional file 2. Figure S1. Subcellular localization of YAP in colon cancer cells induced by 5-HT. Subcellular localization of YAP expression in SW480 or SW1116 cells after 10 μM 5-HT stimulation for 4 h was shown by immunofluorescence (400×)

Tuning the Interfacial Mechanical Behaviors of Monolayer Graphene/PMMA Nanocomposites

The van der Waals (vdW) force dominated interface between graphene and polymer matrix creates weak points in the mechanical sense. Chemical functionalization was expected to be an effective approach in transfer of the outstanding performance of graphene across multiple length scales up to the macroscopic level, due to possible improvements in the interfacial adhesion. However, published works showed the contradiction that improvements, insensitivity, or even worsening of macro-mechanical performance have all been reported in graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Particularly central cause of such discrepancy is the variations in graphene/polymer interfacial chemistry, which is critical in nanocomposites with vast interfacial area. Herein, O₃/H₂O gaseous mixture was utilized to oxidize monolayer graphene sheet with controlled functionalization degrees. Hydrogen bonds (H bonds) are expected to form between oxidized graphene sheet/poly­(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at the interface. On the basis of in situ tensile-micro Raman spectroscopy, the impacts of bonding types (vdW and H-bonds) on both key interfacial parameters (such as interfacial shear strength and critical length) and failure modes of graphene/PMMA nanocomposite were clarified for the first time at the microscopic level. Our results show that owing to improved interfacial interaction via H bonds, the interface tends to be stiffening and strengthening. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the functionalized graphene/PMMA interface will be set by the competition between the enhanced interfacial adhesion and the degraded elastic modulus of graphene, which was caused by structural defects in the graphene sheet during the functionalization process and could lead to catastrophic failure of graphene sheets in our experimental observation. Our results will be helpful to design various nanofiller-based nanocomposites with high mechanical performance

Chebulanin treatment decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines in CIA mice.

<p>A: Immunohistochemistry analysis of TNF-α expression in the hind paws of mice and semi-quantitative analysis of staining score. B: Immunohistochemistry analysis of IL-6 expression in the hind paws and semi-quantitative analysis of staining score. All photomicrographs were obtained at 40x magnification and data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). *<i>p</i> <0.05 vs. untreated CIA mice, ^#<i>p</i> <0.05 vs. normal mice.</p

Severity scoring system.

<p>Severity scoring system.</p

Sonographic appearance of non-diffuse PTL.

<p>Sonographic appearance of non-diffuse PTL.</p