The Impacts of Emission Control and Regional Transport on PM2.5 Ions and Carbon Components in Nanjing during the 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games

Highly time-resolved measurements of water soluble ions, organic and elemental carbon concentrations in the particle diameter size range D-p <2.5 mu m (PM2.5) were performed at a downwind urban site in Nanjing in the western part of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in eastern China during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games (YOG). In this study, we discuss the impacts of emission control in Nanjing and the surrounding areas during the YOG and regional/long-range transport on PM2.5 pollution in Nanjing. The average concentrations of NO3-, SO42-, NH4+ were 12.1 +/- 9.9, 16.5 +/- 9.2, 9.0 +/- 5.4 mu g m(-3) during the YOG, and increased 34.3%, 53.7%, 43.9% after the YOG, respectively. The control of construction or on-road soil dust and control of industry led to the decrease of Ca2+ concentration by 55% and SO2 concentration by 46%. However, SO42- concentrations remained at relatively high levels, suggesting a significant impact of regional pollution to secondary fine particles in Nanjing. Strong correlations between OC and EC were observed during and after the YOG. A higher percentage (41%) of secondary organic carbon in Nanjing during the YOG periods was consistent with high potential photochemistry and low contributions from coal combustion. Lagrangian dispersion modelling results proved that the city clusters along the Nanjing and Shanghai axis were the major source region for high PM2.5 pollution in upwind Nanjing. This work shows that short-term strict control measures could improve the air quality, especially that affected by the primary pollutants; however, regional collaborative control strategy across administrative borders in the YRD is needed for a substantial improvement of air quality.Peer reviewe

Flutamide ameliorates uterine decidualization and angiogenesis in the mouse hyperandrogenemia model during mid-pregnancy.

Background/aimPatients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenemia and polycystic ovaries, are still vulnerable to undergo recurrent pregnancy loss and premature labor even though the ovulatory process is pharmacologically recovered. However, its potential mechanism remains unknown. Thus, our aim was to investigate the effect and mechanism of hyperandrogenemia and flutamide (a non-steroidal anti-androgen) on the embryo implantation and pregnancy during mid-pregnancy.MethodsWe used a mouse model in which PCOS-like hyperandrogenemia was induced by subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate. In this model, we observed the effect of hyperandrogenemia and flutamide on the decidualization, angiogenesis and uNK cells by methods of immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR, western blotting and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) lectin staining.ResultsTestosterone and flutamide treatment did not significantly influence the numbers of implanted embryo compared with the control group. However, different doses of testosterone significantly increased the ratio of resorbed /implanted embryo, decreased the level of prl8a2 mRNA and cyclin D3 protein, inhibited the uterine angiogenesis and reduced the numbers of uNK cells, but combined treatment with flutamide markedly decreased the resorbed embryos, increased expressions of prl8a2 mRNA and cyclin D3 protein and angiogenesis and numbers of uNK cells.ConclusionFlutamide treatment can efficiently ameliorate the hyperandrogenemia-induced the disorders in aspects of decidualization, angiogenesis and uNK cells, which further improve the poor endometrial receptivity in PCOS patients