Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Tgt (Teams Games Tournament) Dilengkapi Kartu Destinasi Untuk Meningkatkan Kreativitas Dan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Materi Pokok Koloid Kelas XI SMA Negeri 2 Sukoharjo

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan, (1) kreativitas siswa pada materi pokok koloid di SMA Negeri 2 Sukoharjo tahun ajaran 2012/2013 dengan penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT (Teams Games Tournament) yang dilengkapi kartu destinasi, dan (2) hasil belajar siswa pada materi pokok koloid di SMA Negeri 2 Sukoharjo tahun ajaran 2012/2013 dengan penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT (Teams Games Tournament) dilengkapi dengan kartu destinasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang terdiri dari dua siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri atas empat tahap yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Subyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI IPA 3 SMA Negeri 2 Sukoharjo tahun ajaran 2012/2013. Sumber data berasal dari guru dan siswa. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, tes siklus satu dan dua serta angket. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, (1) penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Teams Games Tournament (TGT) dengan kartu destinasi pada materi pokok koloid dapat meningkatkan kreativitas siswa. Peningkatan kreativitas siswa dapat dilihat dari kenaikan presentase siswa dengan kategori tinggi pada siklus I sebesar 52,94% menjadi 70,59% pada siklus II, (2) penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Teams Games Tournament (TGT) dengan kartu destinasi pada materi pokok koloid dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dari aspek kognitif dan afektif. Pada aspek kognitif ketuntasan siswa pada siklus I 44,12% meningkat menjadi 82,35% pada siklus II. Dari Aspek afektif menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan persentase dari 74,32% pada siklus I menjadi 80,02% pada siklus II

BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation analysis in the Indonesian population

Specific mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have been identified in specific populations and ethnic groups. However, little is known about the contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to breast cancers in the Indonesian population. One hundred-twenty moderate to high risk breast cancer patients were tested using PCR-DGGE, and any aberrant band was sequenced. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was performed on all samples to detect large deletions in the two genes. Twenty-three different mutations were detected in 30 individuals, ten were deleterious mutations and 20 were “unclassified variants” with uncertain clinical consequences. Three of seven (c.2784_2875insT, p.Leu1415X and del exon 13–15) and two of four (p.Glu2183X and p.Gln2894X) deleterious mutations that were found in BRCA1 and BRCA2 respectively, are novel. Several novel, pathogenic BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations are found in early onset Indonesian breast cancer patients, these may therefore be specific for the Indonesian population

HER-2/neu amplification testing in breast cancer by Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification: influence of manual- and laser microdissection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Accurate assessment of HER-2/<it>neu </it>status is crucial for proper prognostic information and to offer direct appropriate treatment for breast cancer patients. Next to immunohistochemistry (IHC) to evaluate HER2 protein overexpression, a second line gene amplification test is generally deemed necessary for cases with equivocal protein expression. Recently, a new PCR based test, called Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), was introduced as a simple and quick method to assess HER-2/<it>neu </it>gene amplification status in invasive breast cancer. MLPA was previously shown to correlate well with IHC and <it>in situ </it>hybridization (ISH), but a low tumor percentage in the tissue tested could negatively affect the accuracy of MLPA results.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To examine this, MLPA was repeated in 42 patients after serial H&E section guided manual dissection with a scalpel and after laser microdissection of the tumor.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Both dissection techniques led to higher HER2 gene copy number ratios and thereby made MLPA more quantitative. Concordance between MLPA and ISH improved from 61% to 84% after manual microdissection and to 90% after laser microdissection.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Manual and laser microdissection similarly increase the dynamic range of MLPA copy number ratios which is a technical advantage. As clinically a dichotomization between normal and amplified suffices and MLPA is relatively unsensitive to tumor content, microdissection before MLPA may not be routinely necessary but may be advisable in case of very low tumor content (≤30%), when MLPA results are equivocal, or when extensive ductal carcinoma <it>in situ </it>is present. Since differences between manual and laser microdissection were small, less time consuming manual microdissection appears to be sufficient.</p

Molecular analysis of early onset Indonesian breast cancer

Breast cancer is a major health problem in Indonesia, especially among young women. Early onset breast cancer has been known as one of the indicators harboring germline BRCA1/2 mutation. Giving the fact that different BRCA1/2 mutations were found in different ethnic populations and no publications on BRCA1/2 mutation detection in the Indonesian population are available, identifying the Indonesian mutations is important for better risk assessment of Indonesian women who are susceptible to the BRCA1/2 related hereditary cancers. However, the large size of the BRCA1 and BRCA2, and the scattered distribution of mutations complicate the task of mutation detection and make rapid screening for mutations a major technical challenge. In chapter 2, we describe an intelligent pooled DGGE method to screen for BRCA1/2 mutations. This method seems to be the ideal approach for screening naﶥ populations for mutations and was able to detect single base differences using non-toxic and relatively simple and inexpensive procedures. A larger group of early onset breast cancer patients and their family members from three Indonesian cities were screened for BRCA1/2 mutations in chapter 3. A relatively high percentage of early onset Indonesian breast cancer patients were observed to carry a germline mutation in either BRCA1 or BRCA2, which comprises of several novel pathogenic and a variety of novel “unclassified variant” mutations that could be specific for the Indonesian population. Comparison of the three different Indonesian regions for BRCA1/2 mutations pointed to geographic differences. To distinguish between BRCA and non-BRCA carriers among these young women, we investigated in chapter 5 their histopathological and immuno-histochemical characteristics. Within the early onset group (2 genes) were more often poorly differentiated and at advanced stage compared to those with infrequent amplification (0-2 genes). This finding is important because it links gene amplification with well established pathological prognostic and predictive features of breast cancer. In chapter 6, we used the methylation specific MS-MLPA technique to do a comprehensive analysis of promoter methylation status of 22 tumor suppressor genes in invasive breast cancer, which revealed remarkable differences in methylation frequency for various genes. Promoter methylation of multiple genes was correlated to poor differentiation and HER-2/neu amplification. Although earlier studies have shown genetic differences between early and late onset breast cancer patients, such differences were not apparent with regard to promoter methylation of the tumor suppressor genes or amplification of the oncogenes analyzed in our Indonesian breast cancer population

A novel BRCA2 mutation in an Indonesian family found with a new, rapid, and sensitive mutation detection method based on pooled denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and targeted sequencing

Background: Breast cancer is increasing in Indonesia and other developing countries. Germline mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes are most strongly associated with a high risk for breast cancer development. There have been no reports on BRCA1/2 gene mutations in the Indonesian population. Genetic research yielding insight into mutations affecting the Indonesian population can help in risk assessment of individual patients. Aims: To screen the BRCA1/2 genes for mutations in early onset Indonesian breast cancer patients and their families with a new, simple, and sensitive BRCA1/2 mutation screening strategy based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and targeted sequencing. Methods: DNA was isolated from the blood of four Indonesian breast cancer patients from high risk families and seven family members, and the polymerase chain reaction was performed with specially designed primers throughout the BRCA1/2 coding sequences to produce fragments suitable for pooled DGGE analysis. The aberrantly migrating samples were reamplified and sequenced. Results: Two mutations were found in exons 13 and 16 of BRCA1 and two mutations in exons 2 and 14 of BRCA2, which turned out to be established polymorphisms according to the Breast Cancer Information Core. In addition, a novel 6 bp deletion in exon 11, leading to a premature stop, was found in BRCA2. Conclusion: Pooled DGGE and targeted sequencing revealed four BRCA1/2 polymorphisms and one novel BRCA2 mutation in a group of Indonesian patients at high risk of hereditary breast cancer. This illustrates that the proposed method is sensitive and particularly suited for screening unknown populations