The effects of cryochemical processes in the glaciers and the permafros in Spitsbergen

This paper presents the results erf" investigations of the cryochemical processes in the glacial ice and the long-term permafrost in Spitsbergen, which have been confirmed by laboratory experiments. These investigations were performed on two glaciers: the Bertil Glacier, which lies in the central part of West Spitsbergen, and the Werenskiold Glacier, in the southern part of Spitsbergen. This paper also gives results for the unglaciated Fugleberget basin on the Hornsund Fiord in South Spitsbergen. It the autumn, winter and spring seasons distinct effects of cryochemical processes were found. They could be seen: I) In the increased mineralization of the water circulating inside the glacier and the permafrost, which results from the freezing process (autumn and winter), and in the relatively high mineralization of the water in the early ablation period (spring); 2) in the precipitation of salts from the freezing water, both at the glacier front (winter naled ice), in the glacial caves and the unglaciated region. Sulphate salts (mainly gypsum) are most often precipitated. Carbonates (mainly calcites) were also found to precipitate. Calcites precipitate on the walls of limestone caves and even in the limestone rubble on talus cones. The experiments carried out at the Polish Station at Hornsund aimed at determination of the actual changes in the mineralization of Spitsbergen water caused by the processes of freezing and thawing

The physico-chemical properties of the snow cover of Spitsbergen (Svalbard) based on investigations during the winter season 1990/1991

Investigations of the snow cover at the end of the winter 1990/1991 were carried out in several areas in West Spitsbergen, namely, Lomonosovfonna, Kongsvegen, Fridtjovbreen, Amundsenisen and that north of the Hornsund Fjord. The physical properties and chemical nature of precipitation and the snow cover were determined. The studies revealed high variation in the precipitation and the thickness of the snow cover: 317 mm w.e. (water equivalent) in the Hornsund area, 659 mm w.e. at Lomonosovfonna, 1076 mm w.e. at Fridtjovbreen and 1716 mm w.e. at Amundsenisen. The salt loads deposited in the snow cover in different parts of West Spitsbergen were also calculated (2.8 t/km2 at Lomonosovfonna, 15.8 t/km2 at Kongsvegen and 43.2 t/km2 at Amundsenisen). An intensive process of demineralisation during the conversion of snow to firn was revealed, reaching as much as 90% during the first summer. An attempt to determine the anthropogenic element content using the pH values for the precipitation and snow cover was also made. A distinct correlation between the physico-chemical characteristic of snow layer and falling snow was found. On the basis of the quality of the precipitation and snow cover, West Spitsbergen has been classified into following provinces: (1) northern situated within Arctic High (Lomonosovfonna and Kongsvegen), (2) southern undergoing mainly moving air masses from the Arctic High and Greenland Low (Amundsenisen and Hornsund region)

Snowfall phases in analysis of a snow cover in Hornsund, Spitsbergen

Conditions influencing formation of a snow cover in southern Spitsbergen in Homsund during the winters 1988/1989 and 1989/1990 are presented. Winter snow cover consists of several overlaid layers which correspond to particular snowfall phases, distinguished on the basis of analysis of occurrence of winter precipitation and development of a snow cover in numerous snow pits. Five snowfall phases during the winter 1988/1989 and three during the winter 1989/1990 were determined. A genetic classification, including specific features of a snow cover in Spitsbergen, was applied to describe snow layers in pits. The classification covers metamorphic changes of snow: dry metamorphosis, wet metamorphosis without freezing, wet metamorphosis with freezing, and aeolian metamorphosis. Precipitation, strong winds, and winter thaws are the factors which mostly influence formation of a snow cover in the Hornsund region. Most winter precipitation is connected with inflow of relatively warm air masses from the Norwegian Sea. Short term winter thaws which occur afterwards, result in formation of a characteristic ice-crust on a snow cover. The ice-crust layer protects a snow cover against deflation. It is also a marker band which enables dating of snow. Ice crust layers are almost always the borders between particular snowfall phases. Strong winds (V > 8 m/s) significantly transform a surface layer of snow. Snow deflation, which is locally quite intensive, occurs mainly at seashore plains, mountain ridges and convex slopes

Water balance and chemical denudation in the unglaciated Fugleberget basin (SW Spitsbergen)

This paper gives the results of investigations carried out in the Fugleberget basin which lies on the northern shore of the Hornsund Fiord, in the unglaciated region of raised sea terraces and on the slopes of the Fugleberget (569 m a.s.l.) and the Ariekammen (511 m a.s.l.). The investigations were carried out between 23 July, 1979 and 4 September, 1980, including the polar night. The Fugleberget basin represents well the area of sea terraces and coastal mountains uncovered with glacier and occupying large areas in West Spitsbergen. These areas are characterized by the presence of permafrost. The aim of investigations was to determine such fluvial processes as the duration of the hydrological period, the manner of water supply to the basin and an attempt to define the elements of the water balance. In addition studies were made on hydrological processes, particulary changes in the chemical composition of water, and the magnitude of denudation determined

Carbon dioxide in the tundra soils of SW Spitsbergen and its role in chemical denudation

Measurements of CO2 concentrations in soil air were taken in the summer sea− sons of 1998 and 2001 in SW Spitsbergen. The measurements were carried out in three small non−glaciated catchments in the Hornsund region close to the Polish Polar Station. The pre− liminary measurementsw ere made using a Dräger’spump and ampulesw hich contained an alkaline absorbent (1998). Later (2001), a new more accurate apparatus which uses a gravimetric method wastes ted. A variety of different geographical situationswaschos en for the CO2 measurements. These included areas which differed in respect of the local hydrology, terrain relief, exposure to solar radiation, distance from the sea and quantity of seabird excre− ments in the soil. The measured concentrations of soil CO2 varied between 0.05 and 0.3% (with one exceptionally high value close to 0.5%). Owing to the local conditions, the differ− encesbet ween CO2 concentrations seem closely to relate to the specific properties of each catchment. Much of the biogenic CO2 present in water that circulates in tundra catchments which have a limestone foundation becomes involved in the dissolution of that limestone. In July 2001, about 40% of the CO2 was used in the dissolution of the carbonate rocks (30.3 kg/km2 month), the “free” CO2 being transported to the sea at Isbjørnhamna Bay (40.4 kg/km2 month). In contrast, the water flowing through acidic rocks are rich in “free” CO2. The concentrations of dissolved and transported HCO3 – ionsfrom the polar catchments are closely correlated with variations in the daily production of biogenic CO2

Uric acid in the surface waters of Spitsbergen and its role in the dissolution processes which affect carbonate rocks

Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography, concentrations of uric acid in the surface waters of two non−glaciated catchments (Fugle and Dynamisk) on Spitsbergen were measured. Measurements of specific conductivity enabled us to perform tests on the dissolution of the carbonate rocks present in both catchments in both natural and aqueous solutions of uric acid. Samples of calcium urate were made and its water solubility deter− mined. Given a knowledge of concentrations of uric acid, calcium ions and calcium urate solubility product, an estimate of the role of uric acid in the dissolution of carbonate rocks was possible. Uric acid increases the dissolution of carbonate rocks by c. 12.5% in case of the Fugle catchment and 7% in Dynamisk

Characteristics of the polar hydrological year 1979/1980 in the basin of the Warenskiold Glacier, SW Spitsbergen

This paper contains thsults of hydrological and hydrochemical investigations carried out in the basin of Werenskiold Glacier against the background of determining climate elements. It also gives chosen elements of the water balance and mass balance determined from year-long investigations of the polar hydrological year 1979-1980

Glacio-karsts gypseux de la zone polaire et périglaciaire

INTRODUCTION Le sol qui reste gelé pendant de longues années, et qui affecte de grandes superficies du globe terrestre dans la zone de climats polaires et modérément froids (périglaciaires), constitue un obstacle fondamental quant au développement des phénomènes karstiques. Malgré cela, sous le pergélisol, on constate la présence de zones karstiques aquifères où les eaux circulent. Le mouvement de l’eau dans les conduits karstiques peut être intense là où apparaissent des “fenêtres chaudes”, ..

Les karsts des régions climatiques extrêmes

Par les karsts des “Pays extrêmes”, on entend là ceux qui connaissent des situations exceptionnelles sur la planète, notamment par leurs caractéristiques climatiques - froid intense, pluviosité abondante ou au contraire sécheresse drastique Les travaux sur ces questions sont rares. Pourtant, dans ces “Pays extrêmes”, les karsts sont présents, avec (presque) toutes leurs caractéristiques - dolines, grottes, réseaux souterrains -, mais aussi leurs spécificités originales. Les géomorphologues, les géologues et les spéléologues y trouveront matière à intérêt pour leurs éventuelles missions et expéditions. Quant aux simples curieux, ils pourront, ne fut-ce qu'à travers les figures et les illustrations, trouver dans ces pages matière à rêverie