12 research outputs found
Comparing antimicrobial exposure based on sales data
This paper explores the possibilities of making meaningful comparisons of the veterinary use of antimicrobial agents among countries, based on national total sales data. Veterinary antimicrobial sales data on country level and animal census data in both Denmark and the Netherlands were combined with information about estimated average dosages, to make model calculations of the average number of treatment days per average animal per year, at first based on the assumption that the treatment incidence is the same in all species and production types. Secondly, the exposure in respectively animals for meat production and dairy and other cattle (excluding veal and young beef) was estimated, assuming zero use in the dairy and other cattle, and thirdly by assuming respectively 100% oral and 100% parenteral administration. Subsequently, the outcomes of these model calculations were compared with treatment incidences calculated from detailed use data per animal species from the national surveillance programmes in these two countries, to assess their accuracy and relevancy. In Denmark and in the Netherlands, although the computed antimicrobial exposure would seem to be a reasonable estimation of the exposure for all animals as a whole, it differs significantly from the measured exposure for most species. The differences in exposure among animal species were much higher than the overall difference between the two countries. For example, the overall model estimate of 9 treatment days per year for Denmark is a severe overestimation of the true use in poultry (i.e. 3 days), and the overall model estimate of 13 treatment days per year for the Netherlands is a severe underestimation of the true use in veal calves (i.e. 66 days). The conclusion is that simple country comparisons, based on total sales figures, entail the risk of serious misinterpretations, especially if expressed in mg per kg. The use of more precise model calculations for making such comparisons, taking into account differences in dosages and in farm animal demographics, only slightly reduces this risk. Overall model estimates are strongly influenced by animal demographics and a very inaccurate indication of the true differences in exposure, per animal species. To get an appropriate certainty about the true differences in antimicrobial exposure between countries it is an absolute necessity to have reliable information about the use per animal species
Plantaardige ketens in beeld
De plantaardige ketens in Nederland, waaronder de akker- en tuinbouw, leveren een grote bijdrage aan de Nederlandse economie en werkgelegenheid, en aan de internationale handel. Zij zijn voortdurend in ontwikkeling als gevolg van veranderingen in de markt en maatschappij. In deze publicatie krijgt u snel een beeld van wat de structuur is van de plantaardige ketens, welke actuele ontwikkelingen er zijn en wat de belangrijkste oorzaken daarvan zijn. Het gaat daarbij om informatie zoals de omvang van de keten, de toegevoegde waarde die een keten levert, en welke werkgelegenheid zij biedt, hoeveel er in de internationale handel omgaat, de economische prestaties van de productiebedrijven, en de maatschappelijke uitdagingen waarmee zij geconfronteerd worden
Improving livelihoods by stimulating viable market opportunities in the tea sector in Tanzania : baseline study for future evaluation of the Chai Project in Njombe district
Final impact evaluation of Farmer Field School implementation in the smallholder tea sector in Kenya, 2009-2016
Final impact evaluation of Farmer Field School implementation in the smallholder tea sector in Kenya, 2009-2016 : appendices
Toekomstige voedselproductie : een portret van pionierende boeren die bijdragen aan kringlooplandbouw in Nederland
88 innovatieve voedselproducerende bedrijven die een bijdrage leveren aan kringlooplandbouw staan in dit document. Veel van deze bedrijven voldoen niet aan het gangbare beeld van landbou
Agrarische productie ten behoeve van de korte keten : een landelijke meting
Policy makers and markets increasingly view the sales of agricultural products through short chains as a way to create new revenue models for agricultural entrepreneurs and to strengthen the relationship between producers and citizens. The baseline measurement presented in this report offers insight into the sales of agricultural products through short chains in agricultural industries in 2020. On a national level, insight is given into the number of short-chain enterprises, the characteristics of these businesses and an estimate of the turnover as a result of short-chain product sales. Also, an outline is given of short chains in the provinces with a summary overview of focus points for further promotion of short chains. The situation for each province is described in separate factsheet
Diergeneesmiddelen in het milieu : een synthese van de huidige kennis
In dit rapport zijn gegevens over diergeneesmiddelen in water, bodem en mest van grazers samengevat. Vervolgens is aangegeven wat dit betekent voor onze leefomgeving. De studie is grotendeels gebaseerd op reeds bestaande gegevens en rapportages. In enkele gevallen zijn aanvullende analyses uitgevoerd, zoals de afzetgegevens van diergeneesmiddelen en een risicobeoordeling op basis van een vergelijking van meetconcentraties met risicogrenzen