The Processing Technology of Feather Meal and Its Use as a Protein Source in Ruminant Ration

Feather meal protein contains high level of keratin, which consists of 14% disulphide cystine, therefore feather meal protein is difficult to be digested by proteolytic enzymes. Feather meal must be processed before being used in the ration, because the digestibility of unprocessed feather meal is very low (5.8%). There are four processing methods of feather meal, i.e. physical, chemical, enzymatic and microbiological. The aim of these processings is to alleviate or break down the bonds in the keratin such as disulphide, ionic, ester and hydrogen bonds. Processed feather meal is known as hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM). Although the processing methods of feather meal produce different quality of HFM, the utilization of HFM in ruminant ration results in a better response than conventional protein resources. HFM has higher level of crude protein content (74 – 92%), rumen undegradable protein (70%) and post rumiral digestibility (57 – 78%) than soybean meal has. The utilization of HFM in ration up to 8% of dry matter can substitute soybean meal and the use of 2 – 3% HFM improved milk production in dairy cow and daily gain in sheep and cattle.   Key words: Hydrolyzed feather meal, protein, ruminant, processing technolog

The Effect of Condensed Tannin and Saponin in Reducing Methane Produced during Rumen Digestion of Agricultural Byproducts

Saponin and tannin have been considered as chemical compounds that can reduce methane enteric fermentation. The magnitude of the effect of the compounds on reducing methane are various depend on the levels and sources of the compounds. Some local plants that contained high condensed tannin and saponin are Acacia leaves and Lerak fruit. Feed available for ruminants mostly come from agricultural and plantation byproducts that characterized by high NDF content and low digestibility that promote methane production. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of saponin and condensed tannin extracts in reducing methane resulted during rumen fermentation of rice straw, maize straw, sugarcane-top and palm oil leaves. The in vitro method was used to evaluate 24 feedtuffs that were  incubated for 48 hours. Saponin and condensed tannin extracts were added individually at the level of 2.5% of DM for each feed sample. Variables measured were chemical composition of feeds, total gas and methane production. Total cumulative gas of sugarcane-top and palm oil leaves fermentation increased when saponin (P0.01) or condensed tannin (P0.05) was added, but saponin or condensed tannin had no effect on  rice straw and maize straw. Due to saponin and condensed tannin, the proportion of methane to total gas was reduced by 16.41 and 17.36% for sugarcane-top, 4.75 and 11.20% for palm oil leaves, 4.26 and 6.38% for maize straw and 11.68 and 12.98% for rice straw, respectively. The conclusions are that the two agents can reduce methane produced during the rumen fermentation of feedstuffs, and the effect of saponin and condensed tannin was different among the feedstuffs investigated, the condensed tannin has bigger effect on reducing methane production than saponin

Manipulation of Bioprocess in Rumen to Improve Fiber Feed Utilization

Ruminant has a unique digestive organ that has big capacity to digest fiber. The digestive process includes the interaction of feed, rumen microbe and animal itself. Fementative digestion gives an advantage for ruminant as majority of feed consists of fiber, i.e: cellulose, hemi cellulose and xylan. Rumen microbes have an important role to digest fiber. Rumen microbes could be manipulated by several strategies to increase microbial protein synthesis and microbial activity. Feed supplement could stimulate growth and activity of rumen microbes, while buffer could stabilize the rumen pH and also the fermentation. Defaunating agent was given to control the existence of rumen microfauna (protozoa) so increase the population of bacteria. Essensial amino acid was used as a growth factor of rumen microbe the amino acid or its precursor could be given as supplementation. Feeding probiotic could maintain anaerob condition in the rumen, and caused population and activity of rumen microbe increased. Addition of micro mineral or enzyme could improve the fermentation and feed degradation in the rumen, hence, improved feed intake and animal productivity.   Key words: Rumen microbe, fiber source, manipulation, digestio

In Vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation of Grass or Rice Straw Basal Diet With or Without Complete Rumen Modifier Supplementation

An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of complete rumen modifier (CRM) to elephant grass or rice straw basal diet. CRM is feed additive consisting of a mixture of defaunator, methanogenesis inhibitor and bacterial growth factors. The diet was formulated in iso energetic and iso protein contained CP 16% and ME 2.3 MJ/kg. The diet was fermented for 48 hours under anaerobic condition at 39 °C. Experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in 2×2 factorial arrangement using 2 levels of type of basal diet (Napier grass and rice straw) and 2 levels of CRM supplementation (0 and 2%). The parameters recorded were apparent digestibility of grass substrate, gas production, methane production and bacterial and protozoal counts. Total gas and methane produced during incubation was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48 hours. Results from the study show that DM and OM digestibility, bacterial and protozoal population were significantly affected by the interaction between CRM supplementation and type of basal diet. CRM supplementation in rice straw basal diet increased DM and OM by 27% and 23,48% respectively, but it did not increase in grass basal diet. Bacterial population was increased by CRM supplementation in grass basal diet, in contrast, in rice straw basal diet, CRM supplementation decreased bacterial population. Whereas protozoal population was decreased both in grass and rice straw basal diet, the decreased was about 63.26% and 64% respectively for grass and rice straw basal diet. Methane production tended (P0.07) to decrease by CRM supplementation in rice straw basal diet. From this study, it can be concluded that CRM supplementation was able to improve the fermentability of rice straw basal diet and tended to decrease proportion of methane production. CRM supplementation did not have any effect on grass basal diet

Responses of young rams to level of hydrolised feather meal subtitution in ration

Feather meal contains more than 90% protein that most of this protein (70%) are ruminally undegradable, therefore it is a potential source of by pass protein. The study was done to evaluate the response of young rams to hydrolised feather meal (HBA) substitution in ration. Twenty five young rams aged 7-8 months, with average body weight of 21.16 ± 2.47 kg were used in this study. This study was conducted based on ramdomized block design and the rams were grouped into 5 groups based on body weight. The ration consisted of 30% grass and 70% feed supplement on dry matter basis. Feed supplement of the control diet (R0) contained 72% of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and 15% of  total crude protein (CP), whereas R1-R4 were the improved rations that contained 75% of TDN and 18% of CP. HBA was used to substitute feed protein and as by pass protein source. The HBA substitution was done in 5 levels, namely: R0 = grass + feed supplement with 0% HBA; R1 = grass + feed supplement with 1.1% HBA; R2 = grass + feed supplement with 2.2% HBA; R3 = grass + feed supplement with 4.4% HBA and R4 = grass + feed supplement with 8.5% HBA. The study was conducted for 12 weeks. The results showed that the increase of CP in ration and HBA substitution did not affect dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) consumption, as well as DM, OM and CP digestibility. The substitution of HBA in ration significantly increased CP consumption of ram fed R1, R2, R3 and R4 compared to R0 (143.86; 142.58; 147.46; 134.43 vs 109.98 g/head). The level of NH3-N in rumen fluid was significantly (P0.01) affected by CP in the ration and HBA substitution. On the other hand total VFA and molar volatile fatty acids were not different except for molar isobutirat. The value of N retention and average daily gain (ADG) were affected (P0.05) by level of CP and subtitution HBA in ration. The highest ADG value was resulted by rams received R2 diet (133.77 g/head). It was concluded that 2.2% HBA substitution in ration gave the best response on consumption, digestion, rumen fermentation, N retention and ADG. Key Words: Hydrolised Feather Meal, Substitution, Ra

Opportunity of Using Feather Meal for Ruminant Feed Stuff

Feather, a waste product of chicken is a potencial protein source for animal feeds. The average production of feather is 6% of the life weight of the chicken. Broiler population in Indonesia in 2003 was 917,707,000; for DKI area was 1,360,000 while for West Java was 308,021,118. Research results indicate that chicken were slaughtered at 35 day of age with the range of body weight of 1 to 2.2 kg. The number of broiler slughtered every month in Jakarta is 4,679,500 head, resulted in feather of 350 ton/month while for Bogor area the number of slaughtered broiler is 1,255,000 head/month, produce feather of 135 ton/month. Feather meal can be used as protein source in ruminant feed as much as 40%. Key words: Feather meal, crude protein, ruminant feed stuf

Penambahan Eznim BS4 untuk Meningkatkan Degradasi Bungkil Inti Sawit dalam Rumen dan Pascarumen

Penambahan Eznim BS4 untuk Meningkatkan Degradasi Bungkil Inti Sawit dalam Rumen dan Pascarume

Kecernaan (In vitro In sacco) Pelepah Sawit yang Diolah dengan Penambahan Urea dan Enzim

Kecernaan (In vitro In sacco) Pelepah Sawit yang Diolah dengan Penambahan Urea dan Enzi

Cacao pod based ration supplemented with organic Zn: Growth responce on sheeps

Cacao pod can be used as feed to replace grass. The aims of study was to evaluate the growth response of sheep fed on cacao pod based rations to replace grass and supplemented with organic Zn. Fresh cacao pod was chopped to the size of 1-2 cm. In untreated cacao pod (without ammoniation), chopped cacao pod was dried then milled, while in ammoniated cacao pod, the chopped cacao pod was mixed with urea, 1.5% (w/w) and kept in anaerobic conditions for 7 days. After 7 days it was dried and milled. Both, without ammoniated and ammoniated cacao pod were used for ration formulation. The rations were formulated in iso protein and iso energy (16% CP and 70% TDN). The study used 25 male lambs Sumatera Composite breed at age 7-8 months old with average body weight 18.8 ± 2.86 kg. Experiments were conducted using a randomized block design with number of animal in each group was 5. Five treatment rations evaluated were: R = grass + concentrate (positive control); K = cacao pod + concentrate; KZ = cacao pod + concentrate + organic Zn; KU = cacao pod ammoniated + concentrate; KUZ = cacao pod ammoniated + concentrate + organic Zn. The treatment rations were offered for 10 weeks. The results showed that the consumption of cacao pod based rations was higher (P 0.05) than the grass-basal ration (75.19 g/kg BW0,75 vs 70.22 g/kg BW0,75). Suplementation of Zn organic to ammoniated or untreated cacao pod resulted in no significant difference in DM, and CP intake. DM, OM, CP digestibility and N retention were relatively similar among the fifth rations from 53.13 to 63.91%, from 54.69 to 66.49%, from 66.0 to 79.28% and from 9.5 to 13.4 g/h respectively. R ration had similar NH3 levels with KU ration (21.57 mM vs 22.94 mM) but higher than the K, KZ and KUZ ration (16.45 mM, 16.62 mM and 13.61 mM). VFA concentration showed no difference among treatments (from 140.32 to 179.76 mM). Sheep fed ration R had similar ADG with K and KZ (92.19 g/h vs 83.13 g/h; 93.44 g/h) but higher than the ration KU and KZ (73.44 g/h and 61.72 g/h). From this study can be concluded that grass-based rations can be replaced by the cacao pod based rations supplemented with organic Zn and resulted in relatively similar ADG of 92.19 g/h vs 93.44 g/h. Key Words: Cacao Pod, Ammoniation, Organic Zn, Shee

Complete Rumen Modifier Supplementation in Corn Cob Silage Basal Diet of Lamb Reduces Methane Emission

Feeding animal with fibrous materials such as corn cob will emit methane. Complete rumen modifier (CRM) is an improved feed additive comprised a mixture of Sapindus rarak, sesbania, albizia leaves and minerals that functions as a methane inhibitor. The study aimed to determine the effect of CRM supplementation on the feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, methane emission and growth of lambs. The experiment was designed in a complete randomized block, four levels of CRM (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%), six group of 24 male lambs per treatment based on the body weight. Basal diet used was corn cob silage ad libitum and concentrate (500 g/day) as a supplement. The results showed that CRM supplementation did not affect feed consumption and average daily gain, but significantly decreased the dry matter, as well as organic matter and protein digestibility. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility linearly decreased with increasing level of CRM. Ruminal pH, ammonia concentration and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were not affected by the CRM supplementation. Methane production expressed in kJ/MJ gross energy (GE) or digestible energy (DE) intake significantly decreased by 32% at the 2–3% CRM supplementation and reduced by 39% when methane production was expressed in g/kg digested NDF. It can be concluded that 2% CRM supplementation in the corn cob basal diet did not affect nutrient intake and growth rate of the lamb, as well as rumen fermentation. The study suggests that CRM is an environmentally friendly feed additive for lam