Digital university : a study of students’ experiences and expectations in the post-COVID era

In 2020, the education process at universities started to be redefined, parting with the traditional face-to-face form. The article presents the conclusions of exploratory study conducted at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland) on the students’ experiences of remote education as well as their expectations for the future. The study was conducted in the form of an online survey addressed to the entire population of science recipients at the Jagiellonian University, around 800 respondents completed the questionnaire. The obtained results show that most students rate remote education relatively high, although there are statistically significant differences in specific questions (e.g., theoretical classes are more suitable for online learning than practical classes). The authors paid special attention to the differences in the attitudes of students depending on their characteristics, the approach to remote education differs, in particular, depending on the gender and field of study. Students of social and humanist faculties view remote education most positively, and science students opinions are mostly negative. It has also been observed that some students are uncritically satisfied with most aspects of distance learning (the so-called "Tiggers"), while others are strong supporters of face-to-face education, reluctant to accept any changes (so-called "Eeyores"), so regardless of the scope of pro-quality activities undertaken, both criticism and praise of remote education can be expected. The obtained results open the field for further studies that would allow to confirm the covariance of multidimensional characteristics of students and their attitudes towards the digital university, and on the other hand would allow planning activities aimed at different and perhaps mutually contradictory expectations of the recipients of education

Badanie zależności pomiędzy ekspresją miRNA i mRNA

MikroRNA są kluczowymi regulatorami ekspresji genów. Ich zdolność do celowania w wiele cząsteczek mRNA i zróżnicowane mechanizmy regulacji sprawiają, że są niezbędne w szerokim spektrum procesów biologicznych. Chociaż uważa się, że korelacja ekspresji między miRNA i mRNA jest w większości negatywna, wbrew temu przekonaniu zaobserwowano wystąpienia pozytywnej korelacji. Jednak dokładne wzorce i mechanizmy stojące za jej kierunkiem są wciąż słabo poznane. Wykorzystując dane z karaczana prusaka (Blattella germanica), przeanalizowano łącznie 86 cząsteczek miRNA i ich interakcje z ich docelowymi cząsteczkami mRNA na 11 etapach rozwoju. Współczynnik korelacji między ich ekspresją obliczono za pomocą metody Spearmana, Uzyskane wartości korelacji zostały zwizualizowane i przeanalizowane. Obliczono częstości dodatnio i ujemnie skorelowanych docelowych miRNA oraz zidentyfikowano różne typy miRNA i odmienne wzorce korelacji. Wyniki pokazują, że chociaż niektóre miRNA wykazują tendencję do określonego rodzaju regulacji, mogą one nadal wpływać na swoje docelowe cząsteczki mRNA na różne sposoby. Analiza pokazuje złożoność relacji między ekspresją miRNA i mRNA i przyczynia się do jej lepszego zrozumienia.MicroRNAs are key regulators of gene expression. Their ability to target multiple mRNAs and different mechanisms of regulation makes them essential in the wide range of biological processes. Although the correlations between miRNA and mRNA are thought to be mostly negative, contrary to this belief, a positive correlation has been observed. However, the exact patterns and mechanisms behind the direction of correlation between miRNA and mRNA expression are still poorly understood. Using a temporal transcriptomic dataset containing the expression of small RNAs and mRNAs data from the German cockroach (Blattella germanica), a total of 86 miRNAs and their interactions with mRNA targets were analyzed across 11 developmental stages. The correlation coefficient between miRNA and mRNA expression was calculated using the Spearman method. The resulting correlation values were visualized and analyzed. Frequencies of positively and negatively correlated targets were calculated, and different types of miRNAs and distinct correlation patterns were identified. Analysis suggests that although certain miRNAs tend to exhibit a particular type of correlation with their targets, they can still have other types of correlation, suggesting that the same miRNA might regulate its targets in multiple other ways. The study highlights the complexity of the relationships between miRNA and mRNA expression and contributes to its better understanding