Superior vena cava syndrome in a patient with previous cardiac surgery: what else should we suspect?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although mediastinal tumors compressing or invading the superior vena cava represent the major causes of the superior vena cava syndrome, benign processes may also be involved in the pathogenesis of this medical emergency. One of the rarest benign causes is a pseudoaneurysm developing in patients previously having heart surgery.</p> <p>Case report</p> <p>We present the case of a large pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta, five years after primary surgery, with a significant compression of the right mediastinal venous system causing superior vena cava syndrome, detected at chest CT angiography. Perioperative findings showed two rush out points both coming from the distal aortic suture line which was performed five years ago. The patient underwent reoperation under circulatory arrest facilitating safe exploration and repair of the distal anastomotic leaks</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Enhanced chest CT should be always undertaken in all patients with superior vena cava syndrome, especially in those previously having cardiac or aortic surgery to correctly evaluate the presence of a pseudoaneurysm. Mass effect to the superior vena cava makes necessary an open surgical treatment of the pseudoaneurysm so as to concurrently resolve the right mediastinal venous system's compression. Surgery should be performed in terms of safe approach to avoid exsanguination and cerebral malperfusion.</p

Prognostic factors of atrial fibrillation following elective coronary artery bypass grafting: the impact of quantified intraoperative myocardial ischemia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs in 28-33% of the patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization (CABG). This study focuses on both pre- and peri-operative factors that may affect the occurrence of AF. The aim is to identify those patients at higher risk to develop AF after CABG.</p> <p>Patients and methods</p> <p>Two patient cohorts undergoing CABG were retrospectively studied. The first group (group A) consisted of 157 patients presenting AF after elective CABG. The second group (group B) consisted of 191 patients without AF postoperatively.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Preoperative factors presenting significant correlation with the incidence of post-operative AF included: 1) age > 65 years (p = 0.029), 2) history of AF (p = 0.022), 3) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.008), 4) left ventricular dysfunction with ejection fraction < 40% (p = 0.015) and 5) proximal lesion of the right coronary artery (p = 0.023). The intraoperative factors that appeared to have significant correlation with the occurrence of postoperative AF were: 1) CPB-time > 120 minutes (p = 0.011), 2) myocardial ischemia index < 0.27 ml.m²/Kg.min (p = 0.011), 3) total positive fluid-balance during ICU-stay (p < 0.001), 4) FiO₂/PO₂> 0, 4 after extubation and during the ICU-stay (p = 0.021), 5) inotropic support with doses 15-30 μg/Kg/min (p = 0.016), 6) long ICU-stay recovery for any reason (p < 0.001) and perioperative myocardial infarction (p < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results suggest that the incidence of post-CABG atrial fibrillation can be predicted by specific preoperative and intraoperative measures. The intraoperative myocardial ischemia can be sufficiently quantified by the myocardial ischemia index. For those patients at risk we would suggest an early postoperative precautionary anti-arrhythmic treatment.</p

Transternal repair of a giant Morgagni hernia causing cardiac tamponade in a patient with coexisting severe aortic valve stenosis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Foramen of Morgagni hernias have traditionally been repaired by laparotomy, lapascopy or even thoracoscopy. However, the trans-sternal approach should be used when these rare hernias coexist with other cardiac surgical diseases.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We present the case of a 74 year-old symptomatic male with severe aortic <b>valve </b>stenosis and global respiratory failure due to a giant Morgagni hernia causing additionally cardiac tamponade. The patient underwent simultaneous repair of the hernia defect and aortic valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass. The hernia was repaired through the sternotomy approach, without opening of its content and during cardiopulmonary reperfusion.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Morgagni hernia can rarely accompany cardiac surgical pathologies. The trans-sternal approach for its management is as effective as other popular reconstructive procedures, <b>unless viscera strangulation and necrosis are suspected</b>. If severe compressive effects to the heart dominate the patient's clinical presentation correction during the cardiopulmonary reperfusion period is mandatory.</p

Cardiac surgery in a patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis and heart valvulopathy, both due to pergolide medication for Parkinson's disease

Retroperitoneal fibrosis is best described as a chronic inflammatory process which may be idiopathic, but can rarely be brought about by medications, such as pergolide, used for treating Parkinson's disease. Pergolide can produce a fibrotic process in heart valves, resulting in valve insufficiency in up to 25% of cases. Herein we describe the case of a 68-year-old man who received pergolide for 2 years for Parkinson's disease. The patient developed retroperitoneal fibrosis resulting in renal failure from ureteral obstruction necessitating ureteral stenting, as well as significant aortic and mitral valve insufficiency. He successfully underwent surgery for combined aortic valve, mitral valve and ascending aorta replacement because of severe valve insufficiency and dilated (d = 5.8 cm) ascending aorta. Retroperitoneal fibrosis improved with pergolide cessation and corticosteroid treatment. This is the second case reported in the literature, of a patient who had double valve and ascending aorta replacement surgery because he suffered from this rare but serious adverse effect of dopamine agonists used for managing Parkinson's disease

Left atrial giant thrombus infected by Escherichia Coli. Case report

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Fatal stroke after completion pneumonectomy for torsion of left upper lobe following left lower lobectomy

BACKGROUND: The lobar torsion after lung surgery is a rare complication with an incidence of 0.09 to 0.4 %. It may occur after twisting of the bronchovascular pedicle of the remaining lobe after lobectomy, usually on the right side. The 180-degree rotation of the pedicle produces an acute obstruction of the lobar bronchus (atelectasis) and of the lobar vessels as well. Without prompt treatment it progresses to lobar ischemia, pulmonary infarction and finally fatal gangrene. CASE PRESENTATION: A 62 years old female patient was admitted for surgical treatment of lung cancer. She underwent elective left lower lobectomy for squamous cell carcinoma (pT2 N0). The operation was unremarkable, and the patient was extubated in the operating room. After eight hours the patient established decrease of pO(2 )and chest x-ray showed atelectasis of the lower lobe. To establish diagnosis, bronchoscopy was performed, demonstrating obstructed left lobar bronchus. The patient was re-intubated, and admitted to the operating room where reopening of the thoracotomy was performed. Lobar torsion was diagnosed, with the diaphragmatic surface of the upper lobe facing in an anterosuperior orientation. A completion pneumonectomy was performed. At the end of the procedure the patient developed a right pupil dilatation, presumably due to a cerebral embolism. A subsequent brain angio-CT scan established the diagnosis. She died at the intensive care unit 26 days later. CONCLUSION: The thoracic surgeon should suspect this rare early postoperative complication after any thoracic operation in every patient with atelectasis of the neighboring lobe. High index of suspicion and prompt diagnosis may prevent catastrophic consequences, such as, infarction or gangrene of the pulmonary lobe. During thoracic operations, especially whenever the lung or lobe hilum is full mobilized, fixation of the remaining lobe may prevent this life threatening complication

Current role of surgery in small cell lung carcinoma

Small cell lung carcinoma represents 15–20% of lung cancer. Is is characterized by rapid growth and early disseminated disease with poor outcome. For many years surgery was considered a contraindication in Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) since radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy were found to be more efficient in the management of these patients. Never the less some surgeons continue to be in favor of surgery as part of a combined modality treatment in patients with SCLC. The revaluation of the role of surgery in this group of patients is based on clinical data indicating a much better prognosis in selected patients with limited disease (T1-2, N0, M0), the high rate of local recurrence after chemoradiotherapy with surgery considered eventually more efficient in the local control of the disease and the fact that surgery is the most accurate tool to access the response to chemotherapy, identify carcinoids misdiagnosed as SCLC and treat the Non Small Cell Lung Cancer component of mixed tumors. Performing surgery for local disease SCLC requires a complete preoperative assessment to exclude the presence of nodal involvement. In stage I surgery must always be followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, while in stage II and III surgery must be planned only in the context of clinical trials and after a pathologic response to induction chemoradiotherapy has been confirmed. Prophylactic cranial irradiation should be used to reduce the incidence of brain metastasi

The impact of modified maximal thymectomy on the outcome of patients with myasthenia gravis

Objective: Thymectomy represents a widely accepted treatment for myasthenia gravis with different surgical approaches reported as comparably efficient in achieving disease's remission. With the complete stable remission being currently accepted as a clear measurable outcome of patients with myasthenia undergoing surgical treatment and the knowledge that disease's remission should be evaluated as a time dependent event we proceeded to a retrospective analysis of our experience on the surgical management of myasthenic patients. The objective was to access the effect of maximal resection on the neurological outcome and identify predictors of disease remission. Materials and methods: The study group consisted of 78 patients who underwent modified maximal thymectomy for myasthenia from 1990 to 2007 Indications for thymectomy included ocular myasthenia refractory to medical treatment generalized myasthenia and thymomatous myasthenia. The data collected included preoperative disease's severity (modified Osserman classification), preoperative medical treatment, age at onset of the disease ( 40 years), time elapsed between diagnosis and thymectomy ( 12 months), gender, thymus gland histology, mortality and morbidity In thymoma patients further analysis was carried out according the World Health Organization histological classification and the Masaoka stage of the tumors. The evaluation of the neurological outcome at the end of follow up was performed according the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America classification. Both the effectiveness of the resection performed and the comparison of our results with those of previous studies were done using the complete stable remission as the end point of the study. The statistical analysis of the results was carried out using the SPSS 17 Kaplan-Meier life table analysis was performed and the log rank test was used to evaluate the effect of the variables examined on the distribution of disease's remission over time. The Cox proportional hazard model was also applied to verify the concurrent effect of the evaluated factors on the achievement of complete stable remission Ρ values 40 έτη), το χρονικό διάστημα που μεσολάβησε από τη διάγνωση στη θυμεκτομή ( 12 μήνες), το φύλο, την ιστολογία του θύμου αδένα, τη θνητότητα και τις επιπλοκές. Στους ασθενείς με θύμωμα περαιτέρω στοιχεία που ελήφθησαν υπόψη αφορούσαν τον ιστολογικό τύπο του θυμώματος κατά την Παγκόσμια Οργάνωση Υγείας και το στάδιο του όγκου κατά Masaoka. Η εκτίμηση της νευρολογικής έκβασης στο τέλος του μετεγχειρητικού follow up έγινε βάση της νέας ταξινόμησης του Αμερικανικού Ιδρύματος για τη Βαρεία Μυασθένεια με την πλήρη σταθερή ύφεση να λαμβάνεται υπόψη για τον καθορισμό της επάρκειας της διενεργηθείσας εκτομής και για τη σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων μας με αυτά προηγουμένων μελετών. Η στατιστική ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων έγινε με το SPSS 17 και αφορούσε δύο ομάδες ασθενών ανάλογα με την παρουσία ή μη θυμώματος. Η μέθοδος Kaplan-Meier χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την εκτίμηση της επίπτωσης των υπό εκτίμηση προγνωστικών παραγόντων στην επίτευξη της πλήρους ύφεσης ενώ η Cox Regression ανάλυση αποτέλεσε το μοντέλο για την ανάλυση της ταυτόχρονης επίδρασης των υπό μελέτη παραμέτρων στην επίτευξη πλήρους σταθερής ύφεσης Τιμές του p < 0.05 θεωρήθηκαν στατιστικά σημαντικές. Αποτελέσματα: 51 ασθενείς είχαν μυασθένεια χωρίς θύμωμα και 27 ασθενείς παρανεοπλασματική μυασθένεια. Δεν υπήρχαν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές στα προεγχειρητικά κλινικά χαρακτηριστικά των ασθενών πλην της αναμενόμενης εμφάνισης της νόσου σε απώτερη ηλικία στους ασθενείς με θύμωμα. Η θνητότητα ήταν μηδενική ενώ η χειρουργική νοσηρότητα, ανάλογη προηγουμένων μελετών θυμεκτομής με διαφορετικού τύπου προσπελάσεις, ανήλθε στο 7,7% και ήταν ως επί το πλείστον ήσσονος σημασίας. Το ποσοστό μετεγχειρητικής μυασθενικής κρίσης ήταν μόλις 3,8%. Οι ασθενείς με μυασθένεια και θύμωμα βίωσαν όψιμη νευρολογική έκβαση ανάλογη αυτής των ασθενών χωρίς θύμωμα (πιθανότητα ύφεσης 74,5% vs 85,7%, p= 0 632) Η μη χρήση στεροειδών στην προεγχειρητική φαρμακευτική αγωγή, ως έμμεσος δείκτης της βαρύτητας της νόσου, σχετίστηκε με στατιστικά καλύτερη πιθανότητα για πλήρη ύφεση των συμπτωμάτων τόσο στους ασθενείς με θύμωμα (95% CI 2.687-339.182, p= 0.006) όσο και σε αυτούς χωρίς θύμωμα (CI 95% 1.607-19.183, Ρ= 0.007) στην πολυπαραγοντική ανάλυση. Αξιόλογη διαφορά, αν και στατιστικά μη σημαντική, για τη έκβαση της νόσου είχε η πρώιμη σε σχέση με την απώτερη χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση των ασθενών. Στη σύγκριση των 27 ασθενών με μυασθένεια και θύμωμα με 12 επιπλέον ασθενείς που υποβλήθηκαν στην ίδια επέμβαση για θύμωμα άνευ μυασθένειας η παρουσία των συμπτωμάτων μυϊκής αδυναμίας συνδυάστηκε με στατιστικά σημαντική βελτίωση της επιβίωσης των ασθενών (100% vs 38,8% στη 10ετία, p< 0.001). Στους ασθενείς με μυασθένεια χωρίς θύμωμα και απώτερης ηλικιακά έναρξης της νόσου το ποσοστό σημαντικής βελτίωσης των μυασθενικών συμπτωμάτων, εξαιρουμένης της πλήρους ύφεσης, ήταν 70%. Στους ασθενείς με μυασθένεια και θύμωμα η ιστολογική ταυτοποίηση των θυμωμάτων κατά την Παγκόσμια Οργάνωση Υγείας προέκυψε στατιστικά σημαντική τόσο στην μονοπαραγοντική όσο και στην πολυπαραγοντική ανάλυση με τα θυμώματα τύπου Β2, Α και Β3 να επιτυγχάνουν από πολύ καλή έως άριστη πιθανότητα πλήρους ύφεσης και τα θυμώματα τύπου AB, Β1 και C να έχουν απογοητευτική έκβασηόσον αφορά την ίαση. Συμπεράσματα: Η παρούσα μελέτη δείχνει ότι η τροποποιημένη μεγίστη θυμεκτομή είναι ασφαλής και σχετίζεται με υψηλή πιθανότητα για ίαση των μυασθενικών ασθενών με και χωρίς θύμωμα. Οι ασθενείς πρέπει να αντιμετωπίζονται χειρουργικά πρώιμα μετά τη διάγνωση με κυριότερο προγνωστικό παράγοντα για το απώτερο νευρολογικό αποτέλεσμα την προεγχειρητική βαρύτητα της νόσου. Η ασφαλής και πιο αξιόπιστη εκτίμηση της τελευταίας απαιτεί πιο αντικειμενικά κριτήρια όπως αυτά που θεσπίστηκαν από το Αμερικανικό Ίδρυμα για τη Βαρεία Μυασθένεια. Η ενσωμάτωση σε αυτά τα κριτήρια μοριακών παραμέτρων που φαίνεται να επηρεάζουν την πρόγνωση της νόσου, ενδεχόμενα να βελτιώσουν την αξιοπιστία της κλινικής σταδιοποίησης του MGFA και να αναδείξουν υποομάδες ασθενών με διαφορετική νευρολογική πρόγνωση μετά από θυμεκτομή. Επίσης η πρώιμη διάγνωση των θυμωμάτων εξαιτίας των συνυπαρχόντων μυασθενικών συμπτωμάτων μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε καλύτερη επιβίωση τους συγκεκριμένους ασθενείς. Τέλος η νευρολογική έκβαση των ασθενών με θυμωματώδη μυασθένεια σχετίζεται με τον ιστολογικό τύπο των θυμωμάτων, αλλά όχι αναγκαία και με την κακοήθη συμπεριφορά τους

Save or sacrifice the internal mammary pedicle during anterior mediastinotomy?

Ligation and dissection of internal mammary vessels is the most under-estimated complication of anterior mediastinotomy. However, patients requiring anterior mediastinotomy may experience long survival that makes the development of ischemic heart disease throughout their life possible. Therefore, the un-judicial sacrifice of the internal mammary pedicle may deprive them from the benefit to have their internal mammary artery used as a graft in order to successfully bypass severe left anterior descending artery stenoses. We recommend the preservation of the internal mammary pedicle during anterior mediastinotomy, which should be a common message among our colleagues from the beginning of their training

Right Upper Lobe Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a left-to-right shunt where one or more, but not all, pulmonary veins drain into a systemic vein or the right atrium. We report a case of a 45-year-old male with PAPVR to superior vena cava which was incidentally discovered during a right lower bilobectomy for lung cancer