Neuropsychological deficits in elderly with depression

Background: Depressed patients are preoccupied with unhappy thoughts which reduce their capacity to focus on attention, memory, and other cognitive performance. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess neuropsychological deficits in elderly depressive and compare it with matched normal controls. Methods: After consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria, the sample of 30 elderly depressive patients diagnosed on the basis of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition criteria and 30 normal controls were selected. The selection of sample was by purposive sampling from private psychiatric clinic of Bhopal. The age range of sample was 60 years and above. All participants were administered the Geriatric Depression Scale, and the Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-1 (LNNB form-1). Results: On the Geriatric Depression Scale, 21 patients were at mild level and nine patients were at severe level of depression. None of the normal controls were depressed. On LNNB form-1, depressive patients showed significant elevation on receptive speech, arithmetic, memory, reading, writing, and expressive speech as compared to normal controls. Conclusion: Older depressive patients showed significantly more neurocognitive deficits as compared to normal controls. It is important that these deficits are identified and addressed for the holistic treatment of late-onset depression

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Not AvailableMolecular identity of dominant cultivars of soybean needs to complement the morphological descriptors, which are insufficient and influenced by environment, for protecting the interest of breeders and maintaining the genetic purity. In the present investigation, genomic DNA of six commercial Indian soybean varieties viz. JS95-60, JS93-05, NRC7, JS97-52, NRC37, JS335 was amplified using ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, which were selected based upon the relatively higher polymorphic information content (PIC) value observed after polymorphism survey of 46 soybean genotypes through 58 SSR markers. PCR analysis showed nine polymorphic SSR primers which could differentiate unambiguously all the six varieties. Maximum similarity was observed between NRC7, JS93-05 and JS95-60. Two unique alleles amplified in each of the two varieties namely JS335 and NRC37 and four unique alleles in JS97-52 unambiguously differentiated them from the remaining varieties. Morphologically similar varieties JS93-05 and JS95-60 could be differentiated distinctly by primer pair Satt181, while NRC7 could be distinguished from both JS93-05 and JS95-60 through Sct_199. Results also showed that these nine polymorphic markers could distinguish the dominant cultivars from six non-trading varieties, which further confirmed the utility of nine SSR primers for protecting the breeders’ rights and maintaining the purity of dominant cultivars during seed production programme.Not Availabl

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Not Available102 Indian soybean varieties were surveyed using 10 SSR markers that were selected based upon high polymorphic information content (PIC) observed in the initial screening of 40 randomly selected genotypes using 58 SSR markers. The 10 selected primer pairs amplified 3-8 alleles in the 102 varieties. In total, 50 alleles with amplicon size ranging from 100 to 330 bp were observed with PIC value ranging from 0.4760 (primer pair Satt229) to 0.8123 (Sct_199). Once the amplicon profile of all the varieties was obtained, alleles were assigned a numerical number in the order of increasing size of amplicon. The numerical numbers were placed from left to right in alphabetical order of linkage group of the 10 SSR markers to construct a 10-digit barcode, which would serve as unique identification code for each of 102 soybean varieties released for commercial cultivation in India and would be useful in testing their genetic purity.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableMolecular identity of dominant cultivars of soybean needs to complement the morphological descriptors, which are insufficient and influenced by environment, for protecting the interest of breeders and maintaining the genetic purity. In the present investigation, genomic DNA of six commercial Indian soybean varieties viz. JS95-60, JS93-05, NRC7, JS97-52, NRC37, JS335 was amplified using ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, which were selected based upon the relatively higher polymorphic information content (PIC) value observed after polymorphism survey of 46 soybean genotypes through 58 SSR markers. PCR analysis showed nine polymorphic SSR primers which could differentiate unambiguously all the six varieties. Maximum similarity was observed between NRC7, JS93-05 and JS95-60. Two unique alleles amplified in each of the two varieties namely JS335 and NRC37 and four unique alleles in JS97-52 unambiguously differentiated them from the remaining varieties. Morphologically similar varieties JS93-05 and JS95-60 could be differentiated distinctly by primer pair Satt181, while NRC7 could be distinguished from both JS93-05 and JS95-60 through Sct_199. Results also showed that these nine polymorphic markers could distinguish the dominant cultivars from six non-trading varieties, which further confirmed the utility of nine SSR primers for protecting the breeders’ rights and maintaining the purity of dominant cultivars during seed production programmeNot Availabl

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Not AvailableNot AvailableMolecular identity of dominant cultivars ofsoybean needs to complement the morphological descrip-tors, which are insufficient and influenced by environment,for protecting the interest of breeders and maintaining thegenetic purity. In the present investigation, genomic DNAof six commercial Indian soybean varieties viz. JS95-60,JS93-05, NRC7, JS97-52, NRC37, JS335 was amplifiedusing ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, whichwere selected based upon the relatively higher polymorphicinformation content (PIC) value observed after polymor-phism survey of 46 soybean genotypes through 58 SSRmarkers. PCR analysis showed nine polymorphic SSRprimers which could differentiate unambiguously all thesix varieties. Maximum similarity was observed betweenNRC7, JS93-05 and JS95-60. Two unique alleles amplifiedin each of the two varieties namely JS335 and NRC37 andfour unique alleles in JS97-52 unambiguously differenti-ated them from the remaining varieties. Morphologicallysimilar varieties JS93-05 and JS95-60 could be differenti-ated distinctly by primer pair Satt181, while NRC7 couldbe distinguished from both JS93-05 and JS95-60 throughSct_199. Results also showed that these nine polymorphicmarkers could distinguish the dominant cultivars from sixnon-trading varieties, which further confirmed the utility ofnine SSR primers for protecting the breeders’ rights andmaintaining the purity of dominant cultivars during seedproduction programmeNot Availabl

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Not AvailableInvestigations concerning the influence of growing temperature on the accumulation of nutraceutical traits in soybean seeds are limited. In the present study, 3 soybean genotypes were raised at 24ºC, 28ºC, and 32ºC; and the freshly harvested seeds were assessed for tocopherol isomers content, vitamin E activity, fatty acid composition, isoflavones content, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number. All the genotypes exhibited a sharp increase in α tocopherol, with a concomitant decline in γ tocopherol, at 32ºC. Further, lower levels of α-linolenic acid and TBA number were observed at 32ºC. Changes in the levels of daidzein, genistein and glycitein due to the increase in growing temperature were genotype-dependent. The results showed an increase in the nutraceutical value of soybean raised under elevated temperature.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableNot AvailableIonizing radiations are increasingly being used to disinfest raw material for several food products. Toasted and native soy flour, the major food ingredients in bread and bakery industries, can be disinfested prior to use through electron beam. However, this can induce changes in the nutritional and functional properties, which can ultimately affect the quality and the nutritional value of the final products. In the present study, toasted and native soy flour were submitted to electron beam (EB) irradiation at 4.8, 9.2, 15.3 and 21.2 kGy; and assessed for water absorption capacity (WAC), protein dispersibility index (PDI), protein solubility, trypsin inhibitor (TI) content, isoflavones content, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), glycinin (11S) to β-conglycinin (7S) ratio, and lipoxygenase. WAC declined slightly (P < 0.05) in toasted soy flour, but increased significantly (P < 0.05) at low doses in native soy flour. In both toasted and native soy flour, slight decline was noted in protein solubility while TI and lipoxygenase declined significantly (P < 0.05). However, the decline noted in TI content was not proportionate to the increase in IVPD. PDI remained unchanged in toasted soy flour but declined significantly (P < 0.05) in native soy flour. 11S to 7S ratio increased significantly (P < 0.05) in toasted flour at all the doses. In general, significant (P < 0.05) decline in isoflavones was noted in both toasted and native soy flour. In conclusion, the results showed that EB-irradiation could induce desirable changes in the nutritional/functional properties of toasted and native soy flour, though at the expense of some of the physical properties.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIonizing radiations are increasingly being used to disinfest raw material for several food products. Toasted and native soy flour, the major food ingredients in bread and bakery industries, can be disinfested prior to use through electron beam. However, this can induce changes in the nutritional and functional properties, which can ultimately affect the quality and the nutritional value of the final products. In the present study, toasted and native soy flour were submitted to electron beam (EB) irradiation at 4.8, 9.2, 15.3 and 21.2 kGy; and assessed for water absorption capacity (WAC), protein dispersibility index (PDI), protein solubility, trypsin inhibitor (TI) content, isoflavones content, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), glycinin (11S) to -conglycinin (7S) ratio, and lipoxygenase. WAC declined slightly (P < 0.05) in toasted soy flour, but increased significantly (P < 0.05) at low doses in native soy flour. In both toasted and native soy flour, slight decline was noted in protein solubility while TI and lipoxygenase declined significantly (P < 0.05). However, the decline noted in TI content was not proportionate to the increase in IVPD. PDI remained unchanged in toasted soy flour but declined significantly (P < 0.05) in native soy flour. 11S to 7S ratio increased significantly (P < 0.05) in toasted flour at all the doses. In general, significant (P < 0.05) decline in isoflavones was noted in both toasted and native soy flour. In conclusion, the results showed that EB irradiation could induce desirable changes in the nutritional/functional properties of toasted and native soy flour, though at the expense of some of the physical properties.BRN

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Not AvailableElectron beam (EB)-irradiation is increasingly being preferred to radioactive-based gamma irradiation in overcoming the constraints that affect the quality of food material. Soybean seeds of 3 soybean genotypes were exposed to 4 doses viz. 4.8, 9.2, 15.3 and 21.2 kGy of EBirradiation and assessed for the changes in the contents of lipoxygenase isozymes and tocopherol isomers. Densitometry of protein profle revealed decreasing intensity of lipoxygenase with increasing EB dose. All the 3 lipoxygenase isozymes viz. lipoxygenase-1, -2 and -3 registered signifcant (P < 0.05) increasing reduction with increasing dose; though genotypic variation was noted for the magnitude of reduction at the same dose. Concomitantly, all the 3 genotypes exhibited signifcant (P < 0.05) decline in α-, γ- and δ-isomers of tocopherol. δ-Tocopherol was the most sensitive to EB-irradiation. EB dose, which caused minimum and maximum decline in total tocopherol content, was genotype-dependent. Decline in vitamin E activity corresponding to the dose, which induced maximum reduction for total lipoxygenase also varied in 3 genotypes. The study showed the usefulness of EB for significant inactivation of off-flavor generating lipoxygenases in soybean, with a non-signifcant effect on oil content and varied retention of tocopherol isomers and vitamin E activity depending upon genotype.BRN

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Not AvailableThe present investigation was carried out to study the effect of 4.8, 9.2, 15.3 and 21.2 kGy of electron beam (EB)-irradiation on major storage proteins viz. glycinin (11S) and β-conglycinin (7S), in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), and trypsin inhibitor (TI) content in seeds of three soybean genotypes. Densitometry of SDSPAGE protein profile revealed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in α’, α and β subunits of 7S fraction at all doses. This reduction was higher (P < 0.05) than the decline observed in acidic and basic subunit of 11S fraction. Basic subunit registered significant (P < 0.05) increase at specific doses in two genotypes. All the doses induced significant (P < 0.05) increase in IVPD, and the increase due to 9.2, 15.3 and 21.2 kGy was higher (P < 0.05) compared to 4.8 kGy dose. The impact on TI content was genotypedependent. The study showed a higher (P < 0.05) decline in the concentration of 7S fraction compared to 11S fraction and improvement in IVPD of soybean seeds due to exposure to EB-irradiation, which may influence the functional and nutritional value of soy products processed from themBRN