"RELATIONSHIP BANKING" AND THE CREDIT MARKET IN INDIA : AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

Relationship banking based on Okun's "customer credit markets" has important implications for monetary policy via the credit transmission channel. Studies of LDC credit markets from this point of view seem to be scanty and this paper attempts to address this lacuna. Relationship banking implies short-term disequilibrium in credit markets, suggesting the VECM (vector error-correction model) as an appropriate framework for analysis. We develop VECM models in the Indian context (for the period April 1991- December 2004 using monthly data) to analyse salient features of the credit market. An analysis of the ECMs (error-correction mechanisms) reveals that disequilibrium in the Indian credit market is adjusted via demand responses rather than supply responses, which is in accordance with the customer view of credit markets. Further light on the working of the model is obtained through the "generalized" impulse responses and "generalized" error decompositions (both of which are independent of the variable ordering). Our conclusions point towards firms using short-term credit as a liquidity buffer. This fact, together with the gradual adjustment exhibited by the "persistence profiles" provides substantive evidence in favour of "customer credit markets".

Relationship banking and the credit market in India: An empirical analysis

Relationship banking based on Okun's "customer credit markets" has important implications for monetary policy via the credit transmission channel. Studies of LDC credit markets from this point of view seem to be scanty and this paper attempts to address this lacuna. Relationship banking implies short-term disequilibrium in credit markets, suggesting the VECM (vector error-correction model) as an appropriate framework for analysis. We develop VECM models in the Indian context (for the period April 1991- December 2004 using monthly data) to analyse salient features of the credit market. An analysis of the ECMs (error-correction mechanisms) reveals that disequilibrium in the Indian credit market is adjusted via demand responses rather than supply responses, which is in accordance with the customer view of credit markets. Further light on the working of the model is obtained through the "generalized" impulse responses and "generalized" error decompositions (both of which are independent of the variable ordering). Our conclusions point towards firms using short-term credit as a liquidity buffer. This fact, together with the gradual adjustment exhibited by the "persistence profiles" provides substantive evidence in favour of "customer credit markets".customer credit markets, monetary policy, co-integration, impulse response, persistence profiles

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Not AvailableThree different PCR methods [Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Inter - Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR), and Directed Amplification of Minisatellite DNA (DAMD)] were used to analyse genetic diversity and parentage among 20 mango cultivars, including 18 landraces and two hybrids (‘Amrapali’ and ‘Mallika’). These hybrids together with a third hybrid (‘Ratna’), and an out-group species (Mangifera sylvatica) were also analysed for parentage. Fifteen, seven and four primers were used to amplify a total of 158, 69 and 59 distinct DNA fragments by RAPD, ISSR and DAMD, respectively. Of these, approx. 85%, 64% and 90% were polymorphic, respectively. Genetic distances between pairs of mango cultivars were measured separately by each method and depicted graphically as a Neighbor Joining (NJ) tree. The three methods revealed different groupings of cultivars and hybrids. A NJ tree based on the cumulative data from all methods correlated well with the parentage of the mango hybrids, and the grouping of cultivars on a regional basis. Genetic markers likely to be associated with important agronomic traits were identified by further analysing the hybrids, with their respective parents, using all three methods. On the basis of the highest number of polymorphic bands observed (90%), DAMD was judged to be the best method with which to analyse mango germplasm.Not Availabl

A Bimodal, Cationic, and Water-Soluble Calix[4]arene Conjugate: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Transfection of Red Fluorescent Protein Encoded Plasmid in Cancer Cells

A new bimodal fluorescent cationic calix[4]­arene (<b>L</b>_<b>1</b>) conjugate has been synthesized in multiple steps and well characterized by NMR and electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) techniques. <b>L</b>_<b>1</b> has been investigated for its DNA binding ability by various spectroscopy techniques like absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD). The formation of <b>L</b>_<b>1</b>–DNA complex has been confirmed by the gel electrophoresis in the presence of incremental concentration of <b>L</b>_<b>1</b>. To visualize the packing of the plasmid (pBR322), detailed tapping mode atomic force microscopy study has been performed, which revealed blob-like structure of plasmid upon addition of the incremental amount of <b>L</b>_<b>1</b>. Concentration dependent transfection ability of <b>L</b>_<b>1</b> has been established in MCF-7 cells by confocal microscopy by carrying the red fluorescent protein (RFP) encoded plasmid pCMV-tdTomato-N1 to emit both intrinsic fluorescence of <b>L</b>_<b>1</b> as well as that from RFP. All this has been possible in the absence of any adjuvant phospholipids (DOPE) that are commonly used as helper. Further transfection efficiency of <b>L</b>_<b>1</b> has been compared with the commercially available lipofectamine (<b>LTX</b>) in two cancer cell lines, MCF 7 and SH-SY5Y, and found that the <b>L</b>_<b>1</b> is as efficient as that of <b>LTX</b>. Hence, <b>L</b>_<b>1</b> is an efficient and effective cargo to transport genetic material into the cells

A novel method for resolution of amlodipine

The present invention relates to an industrially feasible and cost-efficient process for the preparation of isomerically pure S-amlodipine besylate hemipentahydrate (1), a useful calcium antagonist inhibitor. Previous workers reported that R-amlodipine-tartrate was crystallized out preferentially from the reaction mixture when naturally occurring L-tartaric acid and racemic amlodipine base in DMSO are mixed. In order to crystallize S-amlodipine-tartrate, the use of unnatural D-tartaric acid as a resolving agent in DMSO was required. However, the cost of D-tartaric acid was not conducive to overall cost efficiency in the resolution protocol. Subsequent to the above observations, we have developed a novel resolving system in which amlodipine base with natural L-tartaric acid in DMF as a solvent gave preferentially the S-form of amlodipine tartrate directly from the reaction. The optimization of this approach by adjusting the water percentage in DMF ensured consistent purity of S-amlodipine (+99%) and satisfactory resolution efficiency

Acetylcholinesterase and Aβ Aggregation Inhibition by Heterometallic Ruthenium(II)–Platinum(II) Polypyridyl Complexes

Two heteronuclear ruthenium­(II)–platinum­(II) complexes [Ru­(bpy)₂(BPIMBp)­PtCl₂]²⁺ (<b>3</b>) and [Ru­(phen)₂(BPIMBp)­PtCl₂]²⁺ (<b>4</b>), where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and BPIMBp = 1,4′-bis­[(2-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl, have been designed and synthesized from their mononuclear precursors [Ru­(bpy)₂(BPIMBp)]²⁺ (<b>1)</b> and [Ru­(phen)₂(BPIMBp)]²⁺ (<b>2</b>) as multitarget molecules for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The inclusion of the cis-PtCl₂ moiety facilitates the covalent interaction of Ru­(II) polypyridyl complexes with amyloid β (Aβ) peptide. These multifunctional complexes act as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Aβ aggregation, and Cu-induced oxidative stress and protect neuronal cells against Aβ-toxicity. The study highlights the design of metal based anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) systems