PROVIDING URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Environmental Economics and Policy,

JAKARTA, INDONESIA: THE ECONOMICS OF WATER AND WASTE

Jakarta's main streets are landscaped, manicured, and modern. Off these streets, however, the environment is that of an overgrown village. Compared to other Asian cities, Jakarta's drinking water, sewerage treatment, solid waste disposal, and general environment are seriously deficient. This case study briefly outlines the deficiencies. Less than one-fourth the residents have piped water. Almost no one is attached to a sewer. One-third of the city's solid waste never reaches the landfill. The source of the problems is historical -- for a long time, the problems of this rapidly growing city were not adequately addressed. And the problem has become worse in recent years by the policymakers' concern with providing first-class service to all, despite the fact that budgetary shortcomings prevent them from extending such service beyond the richest households. As a result, the poor often receive no public services and must resort to expensive private provision or do without. The principal lesson from and for Jakarta is that policymakers must give more attention to providing less-than-first-class but affordable services to the poor.Environmental Economics and Policy,

Terminal-Year Investment in Finite-Horizon Planning Models

A discussion of finite-horizon planning models to show how varied and arbitrary are the assumed functions; that the t erminal-year variables and the apparent feasibility of the resulting Plan are highly sensitive to the choice of function; and that the arbitrariness of functional form is inevitable in the sense that generally acceptable criteria do not much restrict the choice.Center for Research on Economic Development, University of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100912/1/ECON361.pd

The anodic oxidation of crotonic acid in basic solutions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anodic oxidation of crotonic acid in basic solutions. Potassium hydroxide solutions of pH 12.3 and KOH-K2CO3 solutions of pH 11.5 and 10.5 were used. The investigation was carried out on platinized-platinum anodes at 80°C. Experimental studies were conducted to determine the effects of crotonic acid concentration, pH, and temperature on the current. Faradaic efficiency was determined by analysis of CO2 produced and was approximately 100 per cent. The results were interpreted in terms of a mechanism having the following characteristics: The first electron transfer is the rate determining step. Hydroxyl ion discharge is the rate determining step. Oxidation occurs under Langmuir adsorption conditions with a four point attachment. Ionized crotonic acid is the reacting species. The rate is proportional to the electrode surface free of adsorbed crotonic acid species --Abstract, page ii

Estimating the efficiency of exports by means of brief, feasible business interviews

In this paper I propose, through, brief business interviews, an approach to assessing the efficiency of Kenya's exports of processed agricultural products to advanced-country markets. In the paper, I explain 1) why I am interested in these products, 2) the questions I will ask in the interviews, and 3) the various formulas for efficiency which I will calculate. Throughout, the efficiency concept used is the marginal domestic cost of foreign exchange; in essence, it consists of an attempt to find, for each product a rough estimate of the shillings' worth of Kenyan resources expended per (say) U.S. dollar's worth of (net) foreign exchange earned

The Effects of Tax Exemption on Investment by Industrial Firms in Columbia

In this paper the effects of tax exemptions in Colombia during the period 1960-66 will be examined in an effort to add more explicit empirical evidence to the debate over whether or not tax incentives have positive effects in developing countries. The basic question here is: To what extent have Colombia's tax exemptions encouraged firms to enter (or to expand in) areas of industry they otherwise would not have chosen?Center for Research on Economic Development, University of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100624/1/ECON101.pd