Comparison of the essential-oil composition of Salvia sclarea L. aromatherapy oils from Turkish markets

Salvia officinalis does not find a natural habitat in Turkey, however, it is cultivated mostly for export. On the other hand, Salvia fruticosa and S. clarea are gathered from wild-growing populations, cultivated, used and sold instead of S. officinalis for various purposes in Turkey. Previously, the essential-oil composition of S. sclarea from various countries was investigated and samples containing linalyl acetate, linalool, germacrene D, α-terpineol, neryl acetate, geraniol, geranyl acetate, nerol, and sclareol were reported [1,2]. In contrast, the essential oil of S. fruticosa was reported to contain α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, β-myrcene, and camphor as the main components [3]. In the current study, one aromatherapy-grade essential-oil sample was acquired from a pharmacy and another from a herb shop. Additionally, clary sage (adaçayı – local name) was bought from a herb shop and the plant material was used to obtain an essential-oil sample by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus in the duration of 3 h. The essential oils were analyzed on the Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system. The main components of the oil obtained by hydrodistillation were 1,8-cineole (26.8%), camphor (8.9%), α-pinene (6.4%), β-pinene (6.3%), and β-caryophyllene (5.2%). The aromatherapy oil bought from the herb shop contained 1,8-cineole (32.6%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), camphor (7.3%), α-pinene (6.5%), and β-pinene (5.8%). The aromatherapy oil and the oil obtained from the plant sample sold as clary sage had a composition that is similar to that of S. fruticosa essential oil. The aromatherapy oil acquired from a pharmacy shop, which is sold as an imported product, contained linalyl acetate (52.1%) and linalool (20.0%) the presence of which is indicative of S. sclarea (clary sage) oil. The essential oils were also investigated for their AChE-inhibitory properties. The best noted inhibitory properties of the aromatherapy oil and the hydrodistilled oil were 99±1% and 99.8±0.4%, respectively; whereas the oil sample from pharmacy shop at the same concentration reached the inhibition of 13±2% (n = 3). The results clearly indicate that the products sold as S. sclarea on the Turkish market show a great variation due to the misuse of (adulteration with) S. fruticosa. This study clearly reveals that further legislation and control is required on the Turkish herbal market in order to protect and inform consumers

Essential-oil composition of Zygophyllum fabago aerial parts from Turkey

There are many reports in the literature, related to the essential oil of Zygophyllum species (Zygophyllaceae), but several reports describe the antioxidant activity of this genus. Previously, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and diterpenoids were reported from Zygophyllum fabago L. as the main components [1]. Current research aims to provide information on the essential-oil composition of Z. fabago collected from Ankara, Turkey. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from air-dried aerial parts of the plant with a Clevenger apparatus for 3 h. The essential oil yield of the plant was in trace amount. The oil was recovered with n-hexane (1 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The essential oil was analyzed without further dilution and used in the GC-MS analysis. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterwards the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. The aerial parts essential oil of Z. fabago yielded an essential oil rich in oxygenated monoterpenes and diterpenes. The major components of the essential oil were: (E)-phytol (11.7%), (E)-β-damascenone (10.1%), farnesyl acetone C (5.1%), dihydromethylionone (3.9%), (E)-geranyl acetone (3.7%), g-decalactone (3.6%), (E)-β-ionone (3.3%), pentacosane (3.4%), hexahydrofarensyl acetone (2.5%), and hentriacontane (2.8%)

Composition and AChE-inhibitory properties of Hypericum calycinum L. essential oil

The genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) is represented by 94 taxa in Turkey. Hypericum species are very well known due to their uses in folk medicine. There is a considerable number of studies done on Hypericum species available in the literature. Previously, the essential-oil composition of Hypericum calycinum L. obtained by microdistillation was reported. According to this report, the main components of the oil were α-pinene (24.2%), β-pinene (14.2%), myrtenal (4.5%), verbenone (4.5%), and trans-pinocarveol (4.2%) [1]. In the current study, the essential-oil composition H. calycinum collected from Şile–İstanbul was determined. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of the plant with a Clevenger apparatus for 3 h. The essential oil yield was 0.7% (v/w). The oil was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The essential oil was diluted 1:10 (v/v) in n-hexane and analyzed by GC-MS analysis. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterwards the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. Fifty-four compounds were identified that represented 98.9% of the detected GC-peak areas. The main components of the oil were β-pinene (40.8%), α-pinene (17.7%), limonene (11.9%), and germacrene D (3.3%). The amounts of α- and β-pinene quantified in the oil obtained from Istanbul were found to be different from the previously reported for H. calycinum oil. The essential oil obtained from H. calycinum originating from Istanbul was characterized by a very high amount of β-pinene. The essential oil caused an 86±1% (n=3) AChE activity inhibition at the concentration of 5 mg/mL

The essential-oil composition of Inula helenium L. subsp. turcoracemosa Grierson from Turkey

Inula helenium L. (Asteraceae) lipophilic root extracts were previously reported to contain antiproliferative eudesmane (alantolactone derivatives), germacrane and elemane-type sesquiterpene lactones [1]. Additionally, according to a previous report, the essential oil of I. helenium roots contained predominantly alantolactone (52.4%), and isoalantolactone (33.0%), while the oil displayed fungistatic and bacteriostatic properties [2]. In the current study, the essential oil composition of the aerial parts of I. helenium subsp. turcoracemosa collected in Trabzon was determined. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation (3 h) using a Clevenger apparatus. The essential-oil yield was below 0.01% (v/w). The essential oil was trapped in n-hexane and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS without further dilution. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterward the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. Ninety-one compounds were identified representing 82.4% of the detected oil constituents. The main components of the oil were caryophyllene oxide (14.7%), eudesma-5,11(13)-dien-8,12-olide (alantolactone, 6.7%), isoalantalactone (3.8%), and aromadendrene oxide (3.3%). The aerial parts oil of I. helenium subsp. turcoracemosa also contained high amounts of eudesmane sesquiterpenes in accordance with the previous reports on I. helenium root essential oil. Our results indicate that eudesmanolides are also present in the aerial parts essential oil

AChE-inhibitory properties and the chemical composition of Salvia aethiopis L. essential oil

Previously, the hydrodistilled essential oil of the aerial parts of Salvia aethiopis L. (Lamiaceae) from Erzurum–Turkey was reported to contain germacrene D (29.0%), α-copaene (19.8%), β-cubebene + β-elemene (9.9%), bicyclogermacrene (9.3%), δ-cadinene (8.7%), and β-caryophyllene (7.3%) [1]. The current study aims to provide information on the essential-oil composition of the aerial parts of S. aethiopis from another location in Turkey. The plant material used in this study was collected from Tokat in June 2017. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation (3 h) of air-dried aerial parts using a Clevenger-type apparatus, in a yield of 0.09 mL per 100 g of plant material. The essential oil was diluted with n-hexane 1:10 (v/v) and used as such for the GC-MS analysis. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterwards the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. Eighty-one compounds were identified comprising 90.1% of the detected oil constitutes. The main components of the oil of S. aethiopis from Tokat were α-copaene (17.8%), germacrene D (12.7%), bicyclogermacrene (11.8%), β-caryophyllene (6.9%), and δ-cadinene (4.3%). The results agreed generally with the literature ones except for the variation in the percentage of the main components. Additionally, AChE-inhibitory properties of the essential oil were investigated and the oil was demonstrated to inhibit 46.4±0.8% (n = 3) of AChE activity, at 1 mg/mL

The essential-oil composition of Crocus pestalozzae Boiss. from Istanbul

Crocus (Iridaceae) species are well-known for their use as spices. In Turkey, the genus Crocus is represented with 62 taxa. In the literature, there is no particular report on the chemistry of volatile or non-volatile secondary metabolites of C. pestalozzae Boiss. The aim of the current study was to contribute novel information on the chemistry of the volatile secondary metabolites of C. pestalozzae. The plant material used in this study was collected from Kanuni Sultan Süleyman City Forest in Istanbul in January 2016. The essential oil of air-dried aerial part of C. pestalozzae was obtained by hydrodistillation (3 h) using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The obtained essential-oil yield was below 0.01 mL. The essential oil was trapped in n-hexane (1 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS without further dilution. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 ˚C/min, afterward the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. Fifty-four compounds were identified representing 86.2% of the detected oil constituents. The main components of the oil were heptacosane (18.2%), pentacosane (17.0%), nonacosane (13.1%), heneicosane (7.2%), and 1-docosanol (5.3%). Safranal and its derivatives were detected in the essential oil but only in very small amounts. Due to the low amounts of safranal and other commonly observed volatile compounds of Crocus species [1], one would expect to observe a different volatile secondary metabolite profile if headspace or SPME sampling were employed

The chemical composition of Salvia euphratica Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. essential oil from Sivas-Turkey

Previously, only the fatty-oil composition of Salvia euphratica Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. (syn. Salvia euphratica var. euphratica) was reported, however, there are no other studies on the chemistry of this species [1]. Up to now, there are no reports on the essential-oil composition of this taxon. In this study, we aimed to investigate the composition of three different samples of the essential oil of S. euphratica collected in June 2017 from two different sites in Sivas-Turkey. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from air-dried aerial parts of the plant using a Clevenger-type apparatus for the duration of 3 h. The essential-oil yields for the three samples were determined to be: 0.25, 0.15, and 0.13% (v/v), for a sample with glandular hairs (1) and a sample without glandular hairs (2) from location 1 and for a sample with glandular hairs (3) from location 2, respectively. The oils were diluted with n-hexane 1:10 (v/v) and analyzed as such on an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in the EI mode injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium, as the carrier gas (1 mL/min), were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterwards the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. The main components of sample 1 essential oil were 1,8-cineole (20.7%), camphor (10.0%), nopinone (4.7%), trans-pinocarveol (4.3%), myrtenal (4.3%), β-pinene (3.3%), and camphene (2.2%). Sample 2 oil contained high amounts of 1,8-cineole (13.5%), camphor (7.6%), trans-pinocarveol (7.1%), myrtenal (5.7%), nopinone (4.6%), myrtenol (3.9%), borneol (3.4%), and pinocarvone (3.2%). Finally, the main components of sample 3 oil were: 1,8-cineole (16.8%), trans-pinocarveol (4.7%), camphor (4.0%), myrtenyl acetate (3.7%), myrtenal (3.6%), linalool (2.8%), trans-linalool oxide (furanoid) (2.6%), and myrtenol (2.6%). The highest noted AChE-inhibitory activity of the oils were 63±5%, 57±2%, and 63±1%, respectively

The composition of essential oil of Veronica persica Poir. from Istanbul

Previously, phenylethanoid and iridoid glycosides were reported from Veronica persica Poir. (Plantaginaceae) [1]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on its essential oil or volatiles’ composition. The aim of the current study was to determine the essential-oil composition of Veronica persica to provide information on the chemistry of volatiles of this species. The plant material used in this study was collected from Kanuni Sultan Süleyman City Forest in Istanbul in January 2015. The essential oil of air-dried aerial parts of V. persica was obtained by hydrodistillation (3 h) using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential-oil yield obtained from the distillation of 16.5 g of plant material was below 0.01 mL. The essential oil was trapped in n-hexane (1 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The essential oil was analyzed without further dilution by GC-MS. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterward the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. Veronica persica oil was mainly composed of the diterpene trans-phytol and n-alkanes. Seventeen compounds were identified representing 92.1% of the detected oil constituents. The main components of the oil were trans-phytol (24.4%), nonacosane (15.9%), heptacosane (13.1%), and hentriacontane (7.2%). The essential oil did not contain any monoterpenes but contained sesquiterpenes in only minor amounts. We believe the existence of the diterpene trans-phytol in high quantity points to the possibility that other monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes might also be present in the plant, but that they might be observed through headspace or SPME sampling

The essential-oil composition of Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. from Trabzon-Turkey

Previously, the essential oil from the aerial parts of Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. (Asteraceae) from Serbia was reported to have a complex composition with (E,Z)-farnesol, (E)-nerolidol, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, intermedeol, and alantolactone as the main components [1]. The plant material analyzed in the current study was collected in July 2017 from Maçka-Trabzon with an aim to identify the chemical constituents of T. speciosa essential oil from Turkey (for the first time) and compare it with the reported oil from Serbia. The essential oil was obtained from air-dried aerial parts of the plant by hydrodistillation (3 h) using a Clevenger apparatus in a yield of 0.06% (v/w). The essential oil was diluted 1:10 (v/v) with n-hexane and used as such for the GC-MS analysis. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterwards the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. One hundred thirty-four compounds were identified representing 80.5% of the detected oil constituents. The main components of the oil were caryophyllene oxide (8.2%), β-caryophyllene (6.0%), precocene II (3.9%), isoalantolactone (3.5%), trans-phytol (2.9%), nerol (2.9%), hexadecenoic acid (2.6%), neryl propionate (2.5%), and thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether (2.3%). The oil composition of T. speciosa was very complex as reported previously [1], but the yield in the present study was higher. Caryophyllene oxide and β-caryophyllene were both detected in T. speciosa from Turkey and Serbia. However, the Turkish oil did not contain (E,Z)-farnesol and (E)-nerolidol. The AChE-inhibitory activity of the essential oil was 8±1% at 10 mg/mL

The composition of the essential oil of the aerial parts of an endemic new species Ferula mervynii Sağıroğlu & H.Duman from Turkey

In 2007, Ferula mervynii Sağıroğlu & H.Duman (Apiaceae) was reported as a new species from Turkey. This species finds a natural habitat in Artvin and Erzurum regions that are located in North-Eastern Anatolia [1]. Up to now, there are no reports on the chemistry of this species. However, there are many reports on the essential-oil composition of other Ferula species from Turkey. As an example, F. elaeochytris Korovin essential oil was reported to have nonane (27.1%), α‐pinene (12.7%), and germacrene B (10.3%) as the main components [2], whereas, F. szowitziana D.C. was reported to contain β-eudesmol (32.0-29.5%), α-eudesmol (18.2-16.6%), and α-pinene (8.6-6.4%) as the major components of the leaf and stem oils, respectively [3]. The current study aimed to provide information on the chemistry of the essential oil of F. mervynii collected from Erzurum, Turkey, in August 2017. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from air-dried aerial parts of the plant using a Clevenger-type apparatus in the duration of 3 h. The essential-oil yield was determined to be 0.56% (v/w). The oil was diluted with n-hexane 1:10 (v/v) and analyzed as such on an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. The aerial parts essential oil of F. mervynii was rich in monoterpenes. The major components were α-pinene (48.1%), sabinene (20.0%), β-pinene (11.6%), and terpinen-4-ol (2.5%). The highest AChE-inhibitory activity of the oil was found to reach 51±1% of inhibition of the enzyme activity