Clustering Algorithms: Their Application to Gene Expression Data

Gene expression data hide vital information required to understand the biological process that takes place in a particular organism in relation to its environment. Deciphering the hidden patterns in gene expression data proffers a prodigious preference to strengthen the understanding of functional genomics. The complexity of biological networks and the volume of genes present increase the challenges of comprehending and interpretation of the resulting mass of data, which consists of millions of measurements; these data also inhibit vagueness, imprecision, and noise. Therefore, the use of clustering techniques is a first step toward addressing these challenges, which is essential in the data mining process to reveal natural structures and iden-tify interesting patterns in the underlying data. The clustering of gene expression data has been proven to be useful in making known the natural structure inherent in gene expression data, understanding gene functions, cellular processes, and subtypes of cells, mining useful information from noisy data, and understanding gene regulation. The other benefit of clustering gene expression data is the identification of homology, which is very important in vaccine design. This review examines the various clustering algorithms applicable to the gene expression data in order to discover and provide useful knowledge of the appropriate clustering technique that will guarantee stability and high degree of accuracy in its analysis procedure

Spinal tüberkülozda (Pott Hastalığı) multimodal analjezi

Spinal tuberculosis (Pott‘s disease) is one of the causes for the low back pain that is rare but has high morbidity rate. Patients may have both somatic and neuropathic severe pain. A female patient aged 70-year who had been diagnosed and operated with Pott‘s disease 4 years ago presented to our outpatient clinic with a compliant of severe pain (VAS=10/10). A MRI scan revealed a severe destruction at the level of T7-T8 spines with neural compression and collapse. the patient had undergone surgery twice for the same reason. Because of gr TTS fentanyl, tramadole 400minadequate pain control despite the use of 100 mg/day and paracetamol 4 g/day, she was started pregabalin twice daily, and thereafter the dose was up-titrated to 150 mg twice daily, the effective dose. in the month 18 followup visit, she had mild pain (VAS: 2/10), could walk with the aid of a walker and perform her daily activities partially with pregabalin g, tramadole 200 mg/day, paracetamol 2 g daily. Ourm300 mg/day, fentanyl TTS 25 case is the first one for treatment whom pregabalin was used as part of a multimodal analgesia in the treatment of Pott‘s disease.Spinal tüberküloz (Pott Hastalığı) bel ağrısının nadir fakat morbidite oranı yüksek nedenlerinden biridir. Hastalarda hem somatik hem de nöropatik nitelikte siddetli ağrı olusabilir. 70 yasında, kadın hasta, 4 yıl önce Pott Hastalığı tanısı konulmus ve opere edilmis, siddetli ağrı sikayeti (VAS=10/10) ile kliniğimize basvurdu. MRG’de T7-T8 omurlarında siddetli yıkım, çökme ve sinir basısı mevcuttu. Hasta aynı nedenle 2 kez opere edilmisti. 100 mgr TTS fentanil, 400 mg/gün tramadol ve 4 gr/gün parasetamol kullanımına rağmen yeterli ağrı kontrolü sağlanamayan hastaya, 2x75 mg/gün pregabalin baslandı ve etkin doz olan 2x150 mg/gün’e çıkıldı. Hastanın 18. ay kontrolünde, 300 mg/gün pregabalin, 25 mgr fentanil TTS, 200 mg/gün tramadol, 2 gr parasetamol tedavisiyle hafif ağrısının (VAS: 2/10) olduğu, yürüteç yardımıyla yürüyebildiği ve günlük islerini kısmen yapabildiği saptandı. Olgumuz, Pott Hastalığı’nda multimodal analjezide pregabalinin kullanıldığı ilk olgu özelliğindedir

Experimental characterization of the chemical species governing the soot nucleation process in flames by coupling ToF-SIMS and Raman spectroscopy

International audienc

Chemical characterization of size-selected nanoparticles emitted by a gasoline direct injection engine: Impact of a catalytic stripper

This work combines laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (L2MS) and advanced statistical techniques to reveal the impact of a catalytic stripper (CS) on the chemical composition (at the molecular level) of a gasoline direct injection engine exhaust, and follow the evolution of size-dependent chemical characteristics over the whole particles size range (10–560 nm). The gas phase and polydisperse particles making up the exhaust are separated and sampled on distinct substrates using an original homebuilt two-filter system, while size-selected particles are collected using a cascade impactor and separated into 13 different size bins (smallest diameters 10–18 nm). We demonstrate that a fine molecular-level characterization of the exhaust particulate matter is necessary to assess the effect of the CS, especially for the smallest ultra-fine particles carrying the largest volatile fraction

ToF-SIMS in combustion: an original approach to characterize the molecular precursors of soot

International audienc

Characterization of the chemical species involved in the soot nucleation process by ToF-SIMS and Raman spectroscopy

International audienc