CITYkeys Smart city performance measurement system

Cities are tackling their economic, social and environmental challenges through smart city solutions. To demonstrate that these solutions achieve the desired impact, an indicator-based assessment system is needed. This paper presents the process of developing CITYkeys performance measurement system for target setting and monitoring. This European smart city indicator framework was developed by analyzing cities’ needs, existing indicators and gaps

The age of onset of alcohol use disorders

Individuals with an alcohol use disorder account for around half of all the alcohol-related harm in developed societies and contribute to around 4% of global disease burden. In the USA, around 18% of men and 10% of women met DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder in the past year. This chapter summarizes what we know about cultural, environmental and genetic factors associated with age of alcohol onset patterns and what remains to be understood. It examines factors associated with alcohol use initiation and the relationship between onset, severity of alcohol use disorders and individual functioning. It assesses patterns of early and late alcohol use as possible clinical markers for more effective treatment and prevention approaches. Evidence on the effectiveness of public policies to delay age of onset is reviewed. The existing evidence is considered in light of methodological challenges in age of onset research, particularly in establishing a possible causal role for early onset of drinking in risk of developing alcohol use disorders