Gender differences in the transmission of risk for antisocial behavior problems across generations

<div><p>Previous studies have shown that children of alcohol use disorder (AUD) parents are more likely to develop alcohol problems as well as antisocial and other behavior problems. The purpose of this study was to examine gender discordance in the effect of early maternal and paternal influences on antisocial behaviors of boys and girls, as well as the environmental factors that moderate the parental effects. Specifically, we examined the effects of childhood and adulthood antisocial behavior of the parents on offspring antisocial behavior as young adults. We also examined whether mothers’ and fathers’ drinking problems when offspring were young children (6–8 years) affected offspring antisocial behavior as young adults (18–21 years). We evaluated 655 children from 339 families in the Michigan Longitudinal Study (MLS), a prospective study of AUD and non-AUD families. Path models were constructed in order to test for the parental contributions to offspring outcomes. We found that both mothers’ and fathers’ antisocial behavior contributed to the children’s young adult antisocial behavior. Only mothers’ drinking problems while their children were little had a significant effect on their sons’ later drinking, but not on their daughters’. These different parental effects suggest that maternal and paternal influences may be mediated by different mechanisms.</p></div

Descriptive statistics of children’s antisocial behavior at Time 6.

<p>Descriptive statistics of children’s antisocial behavior at Time 6.</p

Paired comparison of parents variables: Mean, standard deviations (SDs), differences, and correlation.

<p>Paired comparison of parents variables: Mean, standard deviations (SDs), differences, and correlation.</p

Model displaying mediation-moderation effect of parents’ antisocial behaviors and drinking problems on children’s antisocial behaviors for each risk group: (a) control group, (b)court AUD and community AUD group.

<p>The paths where standardized parameter estimates are significant at the 0.1 level are in solid lines.</p

Model displaying mediation-moderation effect of parents’ antisocial behaviors and drinking problems on children’s antisocial behaviors, the effect differs by father and mother on boys and girls.

<p>The paths where standardized parameter estimates are significant at the 0.05 level are in solid lines.</p

DataSheet1_Xiongshao Zhitong Recipe Attenuates Nitroglycerin-Induced Migraine-Like Behaviors via the Inhibition of Inflammation Mediated by Nitric Oxide Synthase.docx

Migraine is a major cause of disability worldwide, particularly in young adults and middle-aged women. Xiongshao Zhitong Recipe (XZR) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription used for treating migraine, but its bioactive components and therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to confirm the therapeutic effect of XZR on migraine and to determine the possible mechanism and bioactive components of XZR. Here, a sensitive UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS assay was carried out to analyze the ingredients of XZR, and a total of 62 components were identified, including coumarins, phenolic acids, phthalides, flavonoids, and terpenoids; among them, 15 components were identified in the serum samples after XZR treatment. We established a rat model of migraine via nitroglycerin (NTG) injection. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that XZR attenuated allodynia and photophobia in rats with NTG-induced migraine, and XZR also demonstrated analgesic effects. XZR reversed the abnormal levels of nitric oxide, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP) to normal levels. XZR also downregulated inflammatory reactions, including mast cell degranulation and serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. In terms of mechanism, we revealed that XZR treated NTG-induced migraine through the inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in both the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), as well as the total NOS enzyme activity, which regulated the NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, imperatorin and xanthotoxin, two major ingredients of XZR, showed a high binding affinity to nNOS (Gly468-Leu616). In vitro, XZR, imperatorin, and xanthotoxin inhibited the nNOS expression and the NF-κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated PC12 cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated the therapeutic effects of XZR and provided evidence that XZR played a critical anti-inflammatory role by suppressing NOS and NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Imperatorin and xanthotoxin were potential bioactive components of XZR. The findings from this study supported that XZR was a candidate herbal drug for migraine therapy.</p

Treatment schema.

Subjects underwent a series of pretreatment evaluations and met all the eligibility criteria before enrolled in the study. Subjects received a single intraprostatic injection of the Ad5-yCD/mutTKSR39rep-hIL-12 adenovirus at one of five dose levels (see Table 1) on day 1. Two days later (day 3), subjects received a one-week (7 day) course of 5-FC (150 mg/kg/day) + vGCV (1,800 mg/day) prodrug therapy. Toxicity assessments occurred twice a week during the first two weeks and then at every scheduled follow-up visit. The primary endpoint was toxicity through day 30.</p

An estimation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for all cohorts.

An estimation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for all cohorts.</p

Additional file 2: Table S1. of A randomised, open-labelstudy of insulin glargine or neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin in Chinese paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Patient demographics and baseline disease characteristics. (DOCX 15 kb

Additional file 1: of A randomised, open-labelstudy of insulin glargine or neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin in Chinese paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Supplementary Methods and Results. (DOC 25 kb