312 research outputs found
Technological Capability and Productivity Growth: An Industrialized / Industrializing Country Comparison
The importance of technical change as a crucial element explaining inter-country differences in levels and rates of change in industrial productivity has been increasingly acknowledged. Hence, growing significance has been attached to developing the capability to generate such change. However, the perceived nature of that capability (described here as technological capability) and its links to productivity growth are still poorly understood. This paper empirically explores the links between (i) technological capability (the causal variable) (ii) the generation of technical changes (the intermediate variable) and (iii) productivity growth (the end-result variable). In particular, it examines organizational dimensions of technological capability.
L'importance des changements techniques comme Ă©lĂ©ments clĂ©s expliquant les diffĂ©rences entre pays quant aux niveaux et aux taux de productivitĂ© industrielle est de plus en plus reconnue. En consĂ©quence, il y a un intĂ©rĂȘt croissant quant au dĂ©veloppement des capacitĂ©s nĂ©cessaires Ă de tels changements. Cependant, la nature de cette capacitĂ© (dite capacitĂ© technologique) et ses liens avec la croissance de productivitĂ© est encore peu comprise. Cet article explore empiriquement les liens entre (i) la capacitĂ© technologique (variable causale) (ii) la gĂ©nĂ©ration de changements techniques (variable intermĂ©diaire) et (iii) la croissance de productivitĂ© (variable rĂ©sultante). En particulier, il examine les dimensions organisationnelles de la capacitĂ© technologique.technological capability, organizational systems, technical change, productivity growth, pulp and paper, India, Canada, capacitĂ© technologique, systĂšmes organisationnels, changement technique, croissance de productivitĂ©, pĂątes et papiers, Inde, Canada
Informal Thinkering: How Is It Important?
This paper examines innovation processes or technical change-generation processes at the firm level. It emphasizes the notion that the element of technical and technological change that is a determinant of productivity growth is strongly induced by internal factors related to the firm's behavior, via investment in R&D but also, and importantly, on the basis of informal thinkering within plants. This research is unique in that it seeks first, to examine the pattern of technical change and its ensuing productivity growth, and second, to make a comparison between an industrialized and an industrializing country. This comparison is conducted by empirically comparing mills in the pulp and paper manufacturing sector in two countries: Canada and India. The overall analysis is based on direct observations at the mill level, face-to-face interviews and on analysis of mill documentary records. This paper highlights the importance of managing change as a continuous process. The introduction of intermittent, step-jump technical changes contributed little to explain the differences in performance between the mills. Much more important are (i) the continuing sequences of smaller investments in technical change, often linked to the larger step-jumps, and (ii) the existence of steady streams of changes and improvements that are unrecorded as capital expenditure
Cet article examine des processus d'innovation ou de gĂ©nĂ©ration de changements techniques au niveau de la firme. Il met l'emphase sur le fait que les paramĂštres clĂ©s connexes aux changements techniques et technologiques ayant un impact sur la croissance de productivitĂ© sont induits par des facteurs behavioraux internes Ă la firme. Les changements peuvent ĂȘtre le rĂ©sultat d'investissement dans la R&D,0501s aussi, et de façon significative, le rĂ©sultat de processus de conceptions informelles Ă l'intĂ©rieur des firmes. Cette recherche examiner dans un premier temps des processus de changements techniques et la croissance de productivitĂ© en rĂ©sultant. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, elle fait une analyse comparative entre pays industrialisĂ©s et s'industrialisant. Cette Ă©tude empirique est basĂ©e sur des donnĂ©es de premiĂšre0501n (observations directes, entrevues personnelles, documents internes) collectĂ©es dans neuf usines de pĂątes et papiers dans deux pays (Canada et Inde). Ce papier met en Ă©vidence l'importance de gĂ©rer le changement comme un processus continu. L'introduction de changements techniques par sauts intermittents contribue peu Ă expliquer les diffĂ©rences de croissance de productivitĂ© entre les usines. Plus significatives sont (i) les sĂ©quences continues de petits investissements (changements techniques), souvent liĂ©s aux plus grands changements par sauts, et (ii) l'existence d'un flux continu de changements et d'amĂ©liorations qui ne sont pas officiellement enregistrĂ©s (aux livres, de façon comptable) comme des investissements en capitaux.Technical change, incremental change, performance measure-ment, continuous improvement, capital investment, pulp and paper, India, Canada, Changement technique, changements par incrĂ©ments, mesures de performance, amĂ©lioration continue, investment capital, pĂątes et papiers, Inde, Canada
Informal Thinkering: How Is It Important?
Cet article examine des processus d'innovation ou de gĂ©nĂ©ration de changements techniques au niveau de la firme. Il met l'emphase sur le fait que les paramĂštres clĂ©s connexes aux changements techniques et technologiques ayant un impact sur la croissance de productivitĂ© sont induits par des facteurs behavioraux internes Ă la firme. Les changements peuvent ĂȘtre le rĂ©sultat d'investissement dans la R&D,0501s aussi, et de façon significative, le rĂ©sultat de processus de conceptions informelles Ă l'intĂ©rieur des firmes. Cette recherche examiner dans un premier temps des processus de changements techniques et la croissance de productivitĂ© en rĂ©sultant. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, elle fait une analyse comparative entre pays industrialisĂ©s et s'industrialisant. Cette Ă©tude empirique est basĂ©e sur des donnĂ©es de premiĂšre0501n (observations directes, entrevues personnelles, documents internes) collectĂ©es dans neuf usines de pĂątes et papiers dans deux pays (Canada et Inde). Ce papier met en Ă©vidence l'importance de gĂ©rer le changement comme un processus continu. L'introduction de changements techniques par sauts intermittents contribue peu Ă expliquer les diffĂ©rences de croissance de productivitĂ© entre les usines. Plus significatives sont (i) les sĂ©quences continues de petits investissements (changements techniques), souvent liĂ©s aux plus grands changements par sauts, et (ii) l'existence d'un flux continu de changements et d'amĂ©liorations qui ne sont pas officiellement enregistrĂ©s (aux livres, de façon comptable) comme des investissements en capitaux.This paper examines innovation processes or technical change-generation processes at the firm level. It emphasizes the notion that the element of technical and technological change that is a determinant of productivity growth is strongly induced by internal factors related to the firm's behavior, via investment in R&D but also, and importantly, on the basis of informal thinkering within plants. This research is unique in that it seeks first, to examine the pattern of technical change and its ensuing productivity growth, and second, to make a comparison between an industrialized and an industrializing country. This comparison is conducted by empirically comparing mills in the pulp and paper manufacturing sector in two countries: Canada and India. The overall analysis is based on direct observations at the mill level, face-to-face interviews and on analysis of mill documentary records. This paper highlights the importance of managing change as a continuous process. The introduction of intermittent, step-jump technical changes contributed little to explain the differences in performance between the mills. Much more important are (i) the continuing sequences of smaller investments in technical change, often linked to the larger step-jumps, and (ii) the existence of steady streams of changes and improvements that are unrecorded as capital expenditur
Organize to Generate Innovation: Tools to Measure Technical Change, Productivity and Change-Generating Efforts
Cet article propose des outils et des méthodes permettant de mesurer des capacités technologiques (capital humain et engagement organisationnel au changement), des processus de changements techniques, et la croissance de productivité. Il examine les relations entre ces diverses mesures. Cette étude est basée sur des données de premiÚre0501n collectées dans neuf usines de pùtes et papiers dans deux pays (Canada et Inde) sur un période de cinq à sept ans. Les évidences empiriques démontrent que la croissance de productivité réalisée grùce à l'engagement organisationnel à générer des changements techniques, n'est pas uniquement le résultat des ressources humaines ayant dans qualifications académiques (capital humain). Dans les usines les plus productives, les activités de changements, génératrices de productivité, ne sont pas exécutées que par des spécialistes0501s par une plus large population d'employés.Why is it that firms that compete within the same industrial sector have divergent productivity growth over time? Is this phenomenon related to specific characteristics of their organizations, their human capital, their capital investments or a mix of all of these parameters? This paper provides tools and methods to measure technological capability (human capital and change-generating efforts), technical changes processes and productivity growth. It examines the relationship between these various measures. The case material is based on first-hand empirical data gathered at mill level in two countries (India and Canada) over a period of five to seven years in the pulp and paper sector. The empirical evidence demonstrates that change-generating efforts leading to productivity growth are not only a result of formally qualified individuals (human capital). Change-generating activities were not performed only by specialists but by a larger population of workers in the most productive mills
Technological Capability and Productivity Growth: An Industrialized / Industrializing Country Comparison
L'importance des changements techniques comme Ă©lĂ©ments clĂ©s expliquant les diffĂ©rences entre pays quant aux niveaux et aux taux de productivitĂ© industrielle est de plus en plus reconnue. En consĂ©quence, il y a un intĂ©rĂȘt croissant quant au dĂ©veloppement des capacitĂ©s nĂ©cessaires Ă de tels changements. Cependant, la nature de cette capacitĂ© (dite capacitĂ© technologique) et ses liens avec la croissance de productivitĂ© est encore peu comprise. Cet article explore empiriquement les liens entre (i) la capacitĂ© technologique (variable causale) (ii) la gĂ©nĂ©ration de changements techniques (variable intermĂ©diaire) et (iii) la croissance de productivitĂ© (variable rĂ©sultante). En particulier, il examine les dimensions organisationnelles de la capacitĂ© technologique.The importance of technical change as a crucial element explaining inter-country differences in levels and rates of change in industrial productivity has been increasingly acknowledged. Hence, growing significance has been attached to developing the capability to generate such change. However, the perceived nature of that capability (described here as technological capability) and its links to productivity growth are still poorly understood. This paper empirically explores the links between (i) technological capability (the causal variable) (ii) the generation of technical changes (the intermediate variable) and (iii) productivity growth (the end-result variable). In particular, it examines organizational dimensions of technological capability
The Dividing Line between Federal and State Promotion of Aeronautics
<p>The model xeno-estrogen bisphenol A (BPA) has been extensively studied over the past two decades, contributing to major advances in the field of endocrine disrupting chemicals research. Besides its well documented adverse effects on reproduction and development observed in rodents, latest studies strongly suggest that BPA disrupts several endogenous metabolic pathways, with suspected steatogenic and obesogenic effects. BPA's adverse effects on reproduction are attributed to its ability to activate estrogen receptors (ERs), but its effects on metabolism and its mechanism(s) of action at low doses are so far only marginally understood. Metabolomics based approaches are increasingly used in toxicology to investigate the biological changes induced by model toxicants and chemical mixtures, to identify markers of toxicity and biological effects. In this study, we used proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR) based untargeted metabolite profiling, followed by multivariate statistics and computational analysis of metabolic networks to examine the metabolic modulation induced in human hepatic cells (HepG2) by an exposure to low and very low doses of BPA (10<sup>â6</sup>M, 10<sup>â9</sup>M, and 10<sup>â12</sup>M), vs. the female reference hormone 17ÎČ-estradiol (E2, 10<sup>â9</sup>M, 10<sup>â12</sup>M, and 10<sup>â15</sup>M). Metabolomic analysis combined to metabolic network reconstruction highlighted different mechanisms at lower doses of exposure. At the highest dose, our results evidence that BPA shares with E2 the capability to modulate several major metabolic routes that ensure cellular functions and detoxification processes, although the effects of the model xeno-estrogen and of the natural hormone can still be distinguished.</p
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