Breakdown of individuals tested in the methyl salicylate repellency experiment.

1<p>One individual excluded as did not visit either host or methyl salicylate quadrant.</p>2<p>Two individuals excluded as did not visit either host or methyl salicylate quadrant.</p>3<p>One individual excluded as did not visit either host or methyl salicylate quadrant.</p

Olfactometer, showing the stimulus administration via airflow through one of the four arms.

<p>The pump draws air from the central chamber, and thus through each of the arms with an odour stimulus attached. Flow rate was checked regularly, ensuring that it was 200 ml/min through each arm (800 ml/min through the central hole).</p

Repellency and attraction behaviour in <i>C. maculatus</i>, with low and high concentrations of methyl salicylate.

<p>a)% of time (±s.e.m.) spent in the quadrant containing methyl salicylate (regardless of concentration), and in the quadrant containing uninfested cowpea; b) repellency of methyl salicylate (±s.e.m.) by flight form at 1 mg/ml; c) graph showing role of age, sex and morph in repellency of 1 mg/ml methyl salicylate (expressed as log-transformed ratio of time spent in methyl salicylate quadrant over time spent in any treatment quadrant), in which repellency is shown to increase with age in inactive males. Methyl salicylate was overall significantly repellent for females and inactive morph insects, but was not significantly repellent for males and active morph insects. 25% would indicate no preference for a quadrant in a) and b). Dots and stars indicate a difference between bars or groups with a significance threshold of: <b>#</b>  =  0.1, *  =  0.05, **  =  0.01.</p

Behaviours.

<p>Descriptions of behaviours recorded using Noldus Observer 5.0, over the ten min observation period.</p

GTX Dose-Dependent Summary Statistics.

<p>GTX Dose-Dependent Summary Statistics.</p

Acute effects of pyrethroids and nectar toxins, at a dose of 10 ng/bee (37 ng/bee for grayanotoxin I), on honeybee grooming behaviour.

<p>This figure illustrates how compounds affected the percentage of time that bees spent: (A) grooming (pooled total of all grooming behaviours); (B) abdomen grooming; (C) leg grooming; (D) facial grooming (E) proboscis grooming; (F) antennal grooming. Sample size N = 16/treatment. * indicates P<0.05. [C = control, Ac = aconitine, Al = allethrin, GTX = grayanotoxin I, Cyf = cyfluthrin, Flu = tau-fluvalinate, Per = permethrin].</p

Pyrethroid/Nectar Toxin Study Summary Statistics.

<p>P value and Chi-square values (with degrees of freedom indicated) for statistical analysis of grooming behaviour.</p

Acute effects of two concentrations of GTX (10 μM and 100 μM) on honeybee motor function and wing fanning.

<p>This figure illustrates how the different concentrations of GTX affect the percentage of time, number of bouts and mean duration of: (A-C) walking; (D-F) still; (G-I) upside down; (J-L) wing fanning. Sample size N = 16/treatment. * indicates P<0.05. [C = control, Ac = aconitine, Al = allethrin, GTX = grayanotoxin I, Cyf = cyfluthrin, Flu = tau-fluvalinate, Per = permethrin].</p

Total variable costs (TVC) used in economic analysis of profit from different treatments applied to common bean plants.

<p>Partial budgeting was used to estimate the profit per hectare for each treatment. The profit was estimated by deducting the total variable cost from the income derived from the yield.</p><p>Total variable costs (TVC) used in economic analysis of profit from different treatments applied to common bean plants.</p

Abundance of key pests and predators on bean plants.

<p>Aphid abundance uses a 1–5 severity index, whereas all other insects are counted.</p