The atmospherically corrected <i>R</i>_rs (red band) product.

<p>(a) and (b) WV2 and MODIS-Aqua on June 13^th 2014; (c)-(e) Landsat-8 OLI and (f)-(h) MODIS-Aqua on May 23^rd, July 10^th and July 26^th 2014 respectively. The white cross mark on (a), (c)-(e) are the locations of the central pixel of 2.5 km square used in <i>R</i>_rs product validation. The black cross mark are locations corresponding to Dredged Areas (DA and DA2), Spoil Ground (SG), Clean Area (CA), River Plume (RP) and Moderate Turbid Area (MTA) in each image.</p

Average TSS concentration.

<p>(a)—(c) Landsat-8 OLI and (d)—(f) MODIS-Aqua at their respective native and degraded spatial resolutions in the dredge plume (DA), Spoil Ground (SG), River Plume (RP), Moderate Turbid Area (MTA) and Clean Area (CA). The error bars indicate the minimum and maximum TSS concentrations in each spatial grid.</p

The TSS model curves for MODIS-Aqua (blue), Landsat-8 OLI (green) and WV2 (red).

<p>The <i>in situ</i> data points are shown by filled circles with the same colour profile as respective TSS model curves. The data for TSS < 10 mg L^-1 and <i>r</i>_rs < 0.025 sr^-1 are also shown in the blow out version of the plot.</p

Inter-satellite <i>R</i>_rs product validation results.

<p>(a) 2014 MODIS-Aqua vs Landsat-8 OLI <i>R</i>_rs product validation from May 23^rd, July 10^th and July 26^th 2014; (b) MODIS-Aqua vs WV2 <i>R</i>_rs product validation for <i>R</i>_rs from June 13^th. The error bars indicate the 17.5 percentile (lower limit) and 82.5 percentile (upper limit) of pixel values from a 2.5 km width box for each respective satellite sensors derived <i>R</i>_rs. Dashed lines indicate the 1: 1 relationship.</p

Study site.

<p>True color Landsat OLI image showing the locations of field sites in the waters off the coast of Onslow, Western Australia. True color image of the study site is reprinted from Figure 1 in Dorji et al [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0175042#pone.0175042.ref064" target="_blank">64</a>] under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>). The black polygon added in Fig 1 represents the area where Worldview 2 data were captured on June 13^th 2014. The colored dots represent locations of <i>in situ</i> data with colors indicating the year of data acquisition.</p

Time accumulated percentage of leaf area irradiated above photosynthetic saturation irradiance for low wave action and high wave action treatments, for <i>E</i>_k of 45 and 55 µmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹.

<p>Error bars on high wave action treatment are the standard deviation over all 14 movement positions and hence indicate the range in the instantaneous canopy saturation state.</p

Example canopy structures and positions used in the model treatments.

<p>(a)–(e) low wave action canopy position for the five LAI treatments A to E. (f)–(i) subset of time sequence positions under high wave action for canopy C, all 14 positions were used in the optical model. In all cases the canopy structure is notionally repeated in all horizontal directions such that the square substrate section tessellates.</p

Trajectories of canopies from empirical shading experiment and hypothetical example.

<p>Underlying plot is as described in the caption of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111454#pone-0111454-g006" target="_blank">Figure 6a</a>.</p

Time accumulated percentage of leaf area irradiated above photosynthetic saturation irradiance.

<p>The colour scale shows <i>H</i>^A_sat, the “percentage leaf area hours” above <i>E</i>_k, as a function of LAI and shading. (a) is for upright low wave action canopy structures, (b) is for the average over the high wave energy canopy positions. Contour lines are isoclines based on the mid value of <i>E</i>_k equal to 50 µmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹ while the surrounding greyed region shows the limits for <i>E</i>_k of 45 to 55 µmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹. The isoclines are located at <i>H</i>^A_sat of 50, 100, 200, and then steps of 100 up to 800% leaf area hours.</p

Overview of modelling system.

<p>(a, b) empirical data informs construction of 3D canopy model (f), (c, d, e) A plane-parallel model estimates directional radiance incident on the top of the canopy, (f, g, h) a geometric optical model handles radiative transfer to and between leaf segments, (i, j) PAR distribution over leaf area is reduced to the percentage of the canopy irradiated above leaf-level photosynthetic saturation, <i>E</i>_k.</p