Temporal evolution of left hemisphere and ventral brain activity elicited by written words, consonant string, and faces.

<p>The figure shows the beamformer group analysis of brain activity in the beta frequency band for successive 200 ms long windows of interest, each separated in time by 50 ms, and superimposed on a canonical brain with the cerebellum removed.</p

Shows time frequency plots for all four ROIs for all participants' responses to words.

<p>The left column represents evoked activity, the middle column presents evoked plus induced activity, while the right column represents induced activity alone.</p

The upper row shows the time-frequency plots for words, consonant strings, and faces for the left IFG ROI.

<p>The lower row shows the differences between the time-frequency plots comparing words with consonants strings and words with faces. The white dotted lines represent regions in the time-frequency plots within which the difference between conditions reached significance at p<0.05, according to the general linear mixed models.</p

Significant differences between viewing infant and adult faces.

<p>The group SAM analysis revealed a significant peak in the medial orbitofrontal cortex in the 10–30 Hz band in the 0–250 ms (first two columns), 100–350 ms (third column) and 200–450 ms (fourth column) windows when participants viewed infant (upper row) and not when they viewed adult faces (lower row). The fifth column shows the integrated z-map over the three time windows (with Z>3.1) with all active brain regions listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001664#pone-0001664-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. In order to see the extent of the spread of activity over the fusiform cortices elicited by faces, the group activity is superimposed on a ventral view of the human brain (with the cerebellum removed).</p

Comparing the power changes in activity for infant vs adult faces.

<p>Significant differences in power changes in activity were found first in the medial OFC and then in the right FFA. A) In the medial OFC the first significant peak (p<0.001) in differences in power between infant and adult faces in the 10–15 Hz band was found at around 130 ms. These early differences were not found in the FFA. B) In contrast, differences in power were found later, at around 165 ms, in a different band (20–25 Hz) in the right FFA.</p

Time-frequency analysis of neural activity in medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the right fusiform face area (FFA).

<p>Significantly different responses were found in the medial OFC but not in the right FFA between viewing infant compared to adult faces. A) Time-frequency representations of the normalised evoked average group responses to infant and adult faces from the virtual electrodes in the medial OFC reveal that the initial response to infant faces is present in the 12–20 Hz band from around 130 ms-and not present to adult faces. B) The responses in right FFA occurred earlier in time but were not significantly different before 165 ms when viewing infant compared to adult faces. This can be seen from the time-frequency representations of the normalised evoked average group from the virtual electrodes, where initial activity was present from around 100 ms in the 10–20 Hz and in the 25–35 Hz bands. The white stippled line and the orange arrow indicates when the faces were presented in time.</p