Study on the Impact of Nonlinearity and Noise on the Performance of High-Capacity Broadband Hybrid Raman-EDFA Amplified System

We experimentally demonstrated the transmission of 312 × 35 GBd DP-256QAM over 9 × 70 km spans using hybrid distributed Raman-EDFA (HRE) amplifiers with a continuous 91 nm gain bandwidth. A total throughput of 120 Tbit/s over 630 km is demonstrated, with a net achievable information rate after SD-FEC of 10.99 bit/symbol. We further perform an exten- sive, theoretical assessment of the noise contributions originating from amplifier, transceiver sub-system and fiber nonlinearity using the Gaussian noise model in the presence of inter-channel stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS GN model). The ISRS GN model accounts for arbitrary, wavelength dependent signal power profiles along fiber spans, which is vital for the modeling of ultra- wideband transmission, particularly for hybrid Raman-amplified links. It is found that, due to the low noise HRE amplifier and a transmission distance of 630 km, the noise originating from the transceiver sub-system imposed a penalty of 5 dB in SNR. The transceiver noise is, therefore, the major performance bottleneck and the main limitation of the system throughput

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This chapter describes lasers and other sources of coherent light that operate in a wide wavelength range. First, the general principles for the generation of coherent continuous-wave and pulsed radiation are treated including the interaction of radiation with matter, the properties of optical resonators and their modes as well as such processes as Q-switching and mode-locking. The general introduction is followed by sections on numerous types of lasers, the emphasis being on todayʼs most important sources of coherent light, in particular on solid-state lasers and several types of gas lasers. An important part of the chapter is devoted to the generation of coherent radiation by nonlinear processes with optical parametric oscillators, difference- and sum-frequency generation, and high-order harmonics. Radiation in the extended ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray ranges can be generated by free electron lasers (FEL) and advanced x-ray sources. Ultrahigh light intensities up to 1021 W/cm2 open the door to studies of relativistic laser–matter interaction and laser particle acceleration. The chapter closes with a section on laser stabilization