Formation of Uniform Multi-Stimuli-Responsive and Multiblock Hydrogels from Dialdehyde Cellulose

Multi-stimuli-responsive and structured hydrogels represent promising materials with a broad application spectrum, such as drug delivery, sensors, and bionic machinery. However, the preparation of hydrogels starting from highly reactive compounds still needs an efficient approach for homogeneous distribution of each component within hydrogels. In addition, a method for <i>in situ</i> preparation of multiblock hydrogels is still lacking. Herein, we report the formation of uniform, multi-stimuli-responsive, and multiblock hydrogels via a novel, simple, but very efficient method by aerating ammonia gas into the solution of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) with cross-linkers containing diamine groups. Obtained hydrogels exhibited uniform microscopic and chemical structure. Due to abundant aldehyde groups on DAC chains, diverse diamines can be used for the preparation of distinct stimuli-responsive hydrogels. For instance, 1,6-hexanediamine dihydrochloride and cystamine dihydrochloride formed hydrogels responsive to pH values as well as redox conditions. Moreover, the process of aerating ammonia gas (NH₃ gas) is controllable, which allows the <i>in situ</i> formation of multiblock hydrogels. By using cystamine dihydrochloride, aminoethyl rhodamine spiroamide, and fluorescein isothiocyanate as reaction counterparts, 3-block hydrogels were prepared, and each block was specifically responsive to factors such as pH variation, redox condition, and/or UV illumination

Additional file 11: Table S7. of Developmental piRNA profiles of the invasive vector mosquito Aedes albopictus

The top 10 abundance of transcription of piRNAs clusters from each developmental library. (XLS 39 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Developmental piRNA profiles of the invasive vector mosquito Aedes albopictus

Small RNA sequence statistics for the six developmental stage libraries of Aedes albopictus. (XLS 33 kb

Additional file 15: Table S10. of Developmental piRNA profiles of the invasive vector mosquito Aedes albopictus

Sex-bias piRNA loci in the genome. (XLS 40 kb

Additional file 12: Figure S5. of Developmental piRNA profiles of the invasive vector mosquito Aedes albopictus

Characterization of gene and repetitive elements-derived piRNAs. a Ratios of piRNAs with uridine at their 5′ ends (upper panel) and piRNAs with adenosine at position 10 (lower panel) in various developmental stage libraries. b Ratios and abundances (lower panel) of in various developmental stage libraries. b Strand bias in various developmental stage libraries. Abundance and percentage of CDSs, 5′ UTR- and 3′ UTR-derived piRNAs. c Ping-pong pair analysis of gene and repetitive elements-derived piRNAs. The length of overlap is shown on the horizontal axes. Indicated above each axis is the number of possible overlapping pairs of small RNAs with a specified overlap size. Indicated below each axis is the relative frequency of the 5′ base identity for overlapping sequences. The colour code for bases is indicated in the centre box. (TIF 4512 kb

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Developmental piRNA profiles of the invasive vector mosquito Aedes albopictus

Small RNA sequence statistics for 24–30 nt reads matched to the Aedes albopictus genome assembly. (XLS 32 kb