Distributions of hydrodynamic parameters computed for each case.

<p>Position is relative to the location of the foramen magnum moving caudally down the SAS. Highlighted segment of waveforms indicate values in the first 2.5</p

CFD simulation information for all cases.

<p>CFD simulation information for all cases.</p

Maximum velocities and pressure drops.

<p>Maximum velocities and pressure drops.</p

CSF velocity magnitudes simulated by CFD at various axial cross-sections shown at diastolic and systolic peak flow for the Healthy and CP2-pre case.

<p>Inset of flow waveform (red trace) indicates portion of CSF flow cycle that each plot is given (blue vertical line).</p

Pressure drop (dP) in the caudal direction computed over the first 2.5 cm of each CFD model.

<p>Pressure drop (dP) in the caudal direction computed over the first 2.5 cm of each CFD model.</p

CSF flow waveforms at C2 for each case (Q represents flow).

<p>Note, positive flow is in the caudal direction and negative flow is in the cranial direction.</p

Simplistic representation and corresponding MR images (T1) of the CSF system around the brain and cervical spine for a Chiari patient with syringomyelia showing location of the syrinx (blue region in center of spinal cord) and tonsillar herniation (red at base of brain).

<p>Simplistic representation and corresponding MR images (T1) of the CSF system around the brain and cervical spine for a Chiari patient with syringomyelia showing location of the syrinx (blue region in center of spinal cord) and tonsillar herniation (red at base of brain).</p

Integrated longitudinal impedance (LI) for each case.

<p>Integrated longitudinal impedance (LI) for each case.</p

Meshed 3D reconstructions (sagittal view) of the cervical spinal SAS geometries used for the CFD simulations: healthy volunteer and two CMI patients before and after decompression surgery.

<p>Note: flow extensions used for the CFD simulations were not included in this figure.</p

Presentation_1_Circulating T Cell Subpopulations Correlate With Immune Responses at the Tumor Site and Clinical Response to PD1 Inhibition in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.PDF

<p>Agents targeting the PD1–PDL1 axis have transformed cancer therapy. Factors that influence clinical response to PD1–PDL1 inhibitors include tumor mutational burden, immune infiltration of the tumor, and local PDL1 expression. To identify peripheral correlates of the anti-tumor immune response in the absence of checkpoint blockade, we performed a retrospective study of circulating T cell subpopulations and matched tumor gene expression in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Notably, both melanoma and NSCLC patients whose tumors exhibited increased inflammatory gene transcripts presented high CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ central memory T cell (CM) to effector T cell (Eff) ratios in blood. Consequently, we evaluated CM/Eff T cell ratios in a second cohort of NSCLC. The data showed that high CM/Eff T cell ratios correlated with increased tumor PDL1 expression. Furthermore, of the 22 patients within this NSCLC cohort who received nivolumab, those with high CM/Eff T cell ratios, had longer progression-free survival (PFS) (median survival: 91 vs. 215 days). These findings show that by providing a window into the state of the immune system, peripheral T cell subpopulations inform about the state of the anti-tumor immune response and identify potential blood biomarkers of clinical response to checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma and NSCLC.</p